論少年司法中的被害人參與──日本法制的省思與借鏡

Victim Participation in Juvenile Justice: Reflections and Lessons from Japan

2020年初刑事訴訟法修正公布，強化被害人於訴訟過程中的保護措施、增訂加害被害關係修復之相關規定外，另新增第7編之3「被害人訴訟參與制度」，讓多款犯罪類型的被害人，得向法院聲請參與訴訟。首當其衝者為，上述刑事訴訟法之規定能否準用於少年刑事案件或少年保護事件當中？由於被害人參與訴訟將具有選任代理人、閱覽及抄錄卷宗、意見陳述與辯論等權利，這些權利的行使將可能與少年事件處理的核心原理—健全少年自我健全成長、以及保護優先主義的精神有所衝突。本文借助日本在2000年及2008年二度的少事法修正經驗，認為應留意「少年刑事案件」與「少年保護事件」在程序法理上的差異，前者程序原則上雖有準用刑事訴訟法規定之餘地，但若有牴觸少事法目的之際應受到限制，特別是關於卷宗閱覽及謄寫，考量到一旦允許閱覽與謄寫，恐將導致守密與塗銷規定的實效性難以維持，因此不應準用。退步言之，若仍有準用，也應該限制在與非行事實相關連之事項，其他身心狀況等社會調查之內容則不應允許閱覽及謄寫。至於少年保護事件之調查及審理程序，有更為強烈的保護主義考量，基於其固有的程序正當基礎而言，並無準用被害者訴訟參與制度之空間，但這並不代表被害者的聲音完全受到漠視，相反地，現行保護事件之調查與審理制度皆有適度探知或納入被害者意見陳述之機會，若活用現行制度下有關調查官之調查權限乃至於少年法院（庭）之協商式審理機制，仍有相當程度確保被害者意見進入審理程序中。

Juvenile courts in Taiwan have traditionally focused primarily on the individual needs and protection of young offenders. However, in recent years, victims' rights legislation in Taiwan is challenging juvenile justice professionals to give crime victims more powerful roles in juvenile courts. It is said that since the victim's participation in the criminal procedure have the right to choose an attorney, to read and copy files, to make a statement or an opinion, and to debate in courts, these rights may be completely applicable in juvenile courts. However, the application of these rights could be contrary to the core principles of “To safeguard the sound self-development of the juveniles” written in Juvenile Justice Act (JJA) §1, especially in the juvenile protection cases. Based on Japan's experience, this article argues that these victim rights should be distinguished into “application of juvenile protection cases” and “application of juvenile criminal cases”. In the former cases, it should be strictly restricted if application of victim rights violates the purpose of safeguard the sound self-development of the juveniles. In the latter cases, it could be applied in principle, however we still need to pay attention to JJA §83, which allows no one disclose in media, information, or make public records or photos related to juvenile's criminal records and relevant data. If the victim is allowed to read and transcribe such records and data, it will probably make it difficult to maintain the effectiveness of the confidentiality obligation of JJA §83.