明清蒙古史中的「塔布囊」詞義新探

Review on the Mongolian Title ''Tabun-ong'' (塔布囊) in Ming and Qing Times

明清蒙古史中，朵顏諸部首領採用的「塔布囊」（Tabun ong）稱號，賈敬顏先生認為，它是譯自漢語的「五王」，而「五王」的稱呼又源自元代的「五投下」。此說向為學界所遵從。本文依據元代波斯文、漢文、蒙文等史料，提出修正，指出「塔布囊」所表示的「五王」，譯自蒙古語的「第五子」，是指成吉思汗的第五子察罕。察罕原為西夏人，成吉思汗收養為第五子，後來成為御前千戶的千戶長。御前千戶又稱「大千戶」。入明以後，朵顏兀良哈人佔據了原大千戶的居地，襲用了「五王」（「塔布囊」）和「大千戶」（「大一千夷」）的名號。明代最早稱「塔布囊」的蒙古滿官嗔部首領火篩，他出身自徹兀台部，該部可能源自西夏。

The title ''Tabun-ong'' (塔布囊) adopted by the heads of the Mongolian Duoyan (朵顏) tribes in Ming and Qing is usually thought to be translated from the Chinese word ''Wu wang''(五王, the ''five kings'') , a word related with the ''Wu tou-xia'' (五投下, the ''five appanage-holders'') of the Yuan Dynasty. But this paper points out that ''Wu wang'' should not be understood as the ''five kings''. It refers to the ''fifth son'' of Chinggis Khan, namely, a T'angut named Chagan (察罕) who was first adopted by Chinggis Khan and later became the commander of the ''Great Chiliarchy'' (Yeke Ming'an).