哈薩克斯坦獨立後的民族問題：以哈薩克族與俄羅斯族為例（1991-1996）

Ethnic Problems after the Independence of Kazakhstan: Taking the Relations between the Kazakhs and the Russians as an Example (1991-1996)

1990年東歐劇變，隨後蘇聯瓦解，哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國脫離蘇聯的聯盟，乘機於1991年宣布獨立，成立哈薩克斯坦共和國。獨立後的哈國因主體民族哈薩克族與俄羅斯族的人口比例相當，引發哈薩克族危機意識，進而採取大哈薩克民族主義政策，造成哈族與俄羅斯族之間的各種政治、經濟、社會、文化的利益衝突問題。本文以哈國1991年至1996年之間的哈俄兩族民族問題為例，除探討哈國獨立後，哈俄兩族衝突的背景原因及問題外，亦試圖了解哈國處理哈俄民族問題的作法，以便掌握其民族衝突本質，供作哈國或其他中亞國家處理類似問題的參考。

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed its independence in 1991. The close population rate between the Kazakhs and the Russians caused crisis consciousness of the Kazakhs, which developed into chauvinistic Kazakh nationalism. Such ideology led to many conflicts, including political, economic, social, and cultural aspects between these two ethnic groups. This essay tries to discuss problems between the Kazakhs and the Russians from 1991 to 1996, formulate the background factors of the conflicts, and find solutions of Kazakhstan government. If methods adopted by Kazakhstan are effective, other Central Asian countries might follow the example to deal with their similar problems.