北宋興學與州縣學記之發展

The development of study in state and county of northern Song dynasty

宋代教育的研究，一般聚焦於官學、書院等教育機構的制度、政策，以及人物的教育理念等議題，比較少落實於州縣地方微觀而具體的執行層面；歷來研究宋代地方官學發展者，又多以《宋史》、《文獻通考》、《宋會要輯稿》、以及《宋元學案》等專著為主要的研究史料。本文研究的主題「州縣學記」，乃州縣建學、修學、遷學完成後，邀請當時知名的文人學士或地方官吏等將過程撰述成文的記體散文。雖然，作為地方州縣興學載體的學記體散文於中唐已出現，卻未能蔚然成風；本文透過梳理《全宋文》中北宋時期的州縣學記，以為北宋崇文政策與三次大規模的興學運動，實為學記體散文提供了有利的發展契機，加速了學記體散文的蓬勃發展，成為有宋一代盛行的文學體裁。再者，本文爬梳多篇北宋州縣學記，析探州縣執行朝廷興學詔令的情形，了解各州縣實際興學、修學、遷學的運作過程，以及州縣官吏與撰文士人之教育理念，並進一步管窺州縣民眾對朝廷興學政策的響應態度與作法。所謂「記者，史家之流也。」綜觀本文，筆者以為州縣學記，實為研究宋代地方官學教育之重要文獻史料。

The researches on education in Song dynasty focus on official study, policies of educational institutions such as academies and schools and people's educational idea generally. There are fewer researches on the level of specific execution in county and state. Scholars have always studied the development of local official study in Song dynasty with references such as History of Song(《宋史》), Wenxian tongkao (《文獻通考》), Song huiyao jigao(《宋會要輯稿》) and Song yuan xue an(《宋元學案》). This paper focuses on state and county learning document which means scholars write the process of the school construction and relocation into prose. Although, as a carrier of local prefectures and counties, learning prose appeared in the middle Tang dynasty but failed to become a common practice. This article arranges the state and county studies in the northern Song dynasty through Quan song wen (《全宋文》). The huge development of study in state and county of northern Song dynasty speeds up during the three large-scale school building campaign. It reflects that the study of state and county is an important historical document for the study of local official education in Song dynasty.