論實行行為概念

A Historical Review and a Critical Analysis of ''Ausführungshandlung''

由於刑法典修正以及學說實務上的發展，犯罪實行行為的概念及定位逐漸具有重要性，然討論卻未臻深入。本文分析日本刑法學有關「實行行為」概念的發展，並從結果反價值論的立場思考犯罪實行行為概念的內涵。首先，本文對於單一的實行行為概念能否完整說明因果關係、實行未遂與預備、正犯與共犯區別等問題抱持懷疑態度。單一的實行行為概念可能有害於法益侵害說的貫徹，也無益於解釋論上具體問題的解決。其次，雖有從刑法的行為指導作用來重構實行行為意義的立論，然本文主張在解釋論上，應專注在刑法作為裁判規範所具有的限定國家刑罰權的意義。刑法規範所設定的「主要」溝通對象是審判者、及其他偵查、訴追等執法者|對於一般人民而言，刑法規範意義在於基於罪刑法定原則的要求，能夠讓人民明確預測自己的行為將可能會遭致何等評價以及制裁效果，進而在內心中形成行為動機之基礎|現行以「犯罪構成要件＋法律效果」作為規範型態的刑法規範對於一般人民的行為指導作用，僅具反射效果。不過，基於罪刑法定原則以及行為同時性原則之要求，在定式犯罪中，構成要件文義範圍所劃定而成的「實行行為」概念仍有助於行為究責時點的特定。

In recent years, due to the revision of Criminal Code and the improvement of criminal justice practice in Taiwan, the concept of ''Ausführungshandlung'', which means one's act is about to execute the criminal conduct, have become far more important than before. However, it is still unclear whether it has any functional meaning in criminal theory or not. In order to clarify this question, this paper analyzes the development and the orientation of ''Ausführungshandlung'' in Japanese criminal jurisprudence. We should first take a historical review and a critical Analysis toward Japanese criminal theories of ''Ausführungshandlung'', and second, rethink several controversial issues, such as attempt theories, causation theories, and principal theories. In conclusion, this paper considers the connotation of the concept of ''Ausführungshandlung'' from the standpoint of ''Erfolgsunwert'', and doubts whether the one single concept of ''Ausführungshandlung'' can fully explain and answer questions about the causal relationship, attempt and preparation. The one single concept of ''Ausführungshandlung'' may be harmful to the implementation of the doctrine of legal interests, and it is also not conducive to the problem-solving commitment. Secondly, although some theorists reconstruct the meaning of the ''Ausführungshandlung'' from the point of view of ''Verhaltensnorm'' and assert that the ''Ausführungshandlung'' could provide people with obligation to comply with legal norms and clear guidelines of behavior, this paper argues that we should focus on the significance of criminal law as ''Sanktionsnorm''. It means that the main target whom the criminal law wants to communicate with is the person who enforces the law, such as judges, and other law enforcers. For general people, the significance of criminal law lies in the principle of legality, which enables the people to clearly predict what kind of sanction and its effect their behavior may suffer, so as to form the basis of behavioral motivation. Thus, the functional importance of ''Ausführungshandlung'' shall not be overestimated. However, based on the principle of legality and the principle of clarity, the concept of "Ausführungshandlung" defined by the context scope of the constituent elements in crimes of specific criminal means (Verhaltensgebundenes Delikt) still contributes to specify which act we should take into consideration.