槍彈殺傷力判定標準之研究

A study on the evaluation criterion for the determination of firearms' wounding potential

「槍砲彈藥刀械管制條例」除列舉管制制式槍砲外，尚概括管制「其他 可發射金屬或子彈具有殺傷力之各式槍砲」，殺傷力鑑定乃成為司法及鑑識 實務之重要議題。穿刺性槍傷是典型的槍傷型態，但大口徑低動能彈丸則 常形成彈道鈍傷。我國以彈丸能穿入人體皮肉層之動能作為判定殺傷力之標 準，但先進國家槍枝管制之新趨勢為分級管制空氣槍，將彈丸能穿透眼球之 動能作為低動能空氣槍之殺傷力判定標準，值得我國參考。我國目前常見的 之穿刺性槍傷殺傷力鑑定方法有性能檢驗法、實物貫穿法、動能測定法、 X 光攝影分析法和射擊後彈殼特徵測定法。各種鑑定方法都以彈道原理為基 礎，具備嚴謹的標準作業程序，鑑定結果也精準可信。彈道鈍傷之創傷機制 係將軀體壓縮變形，導致骨折，並使體內重要組織和器官形成創傷，因此穿 刺性槍傷之殺傷力判定標準並不適用於彈道鈍傷鑑定。鈍傷判定標準（blunt criterion, BC）是評估彈道鈍傷的客觀標準，該標準將拋射體動能密度和被射 擊者之體重和皮肉脂肪層厚度一併納為判斷依據，以 BC 為基礎之致命機率 公式則可直接應用於殺傷力鑑定。為求槍彈殺傷力鑑定程序之完備，保障人民生命安全，建議司法及鑑識機關共同研商，訂定彈道鈍傷致命機率標準，並確立體重和皮肉脂肪層厚度標準，即可應用致命機率公式，訂出判定不同口徑拋射鈍體的殺傷力動能閾值。

According to the Controlling Guns, Ammunition and Knives Act, miscellaneous firearms, that are not included in the list of prohibited firearms, should also be controlled if they possess wounding potential. In Taiwan, the criterion of wounding potential is defined as that the projectiles have enough kinetic energy to perforate human skin. And a muzzle energy density of 20.0 J/cm2 is used as the evaluation criterion for the penetrating gunshot wounds. However, some less-lethal weapons inflict blunt ballistic impact trauma on the victims rather than penetrating gunshot wounds. Furthermore, some foreign countries have used the muzzle energy that capable of perforating eyeball as the criterion to control low-powered airguns. The testing method routinely used to evaluate the wounding potential of firearms including functional tests, perforating of witness plates, determination of muzzle energy density, X-ray image analysis, and the examination of deformation features of spent cartridge cases. All testing methods are based on ballistic science and performed under standard operation procedures. Their testing results are all highly accurate and reliable. Blunt ballistic impact traumas are resulted from the compression of thorax that causes rib fractures and contusions of internal organs. Blunt criterion (BC) which accounts for the energy density of the projectile and the weight and wall thickness of the torso is an objective criterion for the determination of blunt ballistic impact traumas. A formula derived from the BC is used to predict the probability of a blunt impactor causing lethal blunt trauma to the thorax. In order to complete the procedures for the evaluation of firearms' wounding potential and to protect people's lives, we suggest that a lethal probability criterion for the blunt ballistic impact traumas shall be established by the justice and forensic departments so that threshold muzzle energies for the evaluation of wounding potential of blunt impactors impacting specified individuals with different calibers can be calculated using the formula.