國際供應鏈：研發投入與貿易垂直專業化之探討──以台灣發展經驗為例

International Supply Chain: R&D Efforts and International Trade Specialization-The Case of Taiwan

本研究的主要目的在探討區域性經濟整合趨勢下研發投入、技術擴散效果與國際供應鏈之貿易垂直專業化的關係。隨著貿易障礙的逐步取消、跨國企業的全球化佈局，國際分工日益明顯下，一個國家可能在某一項產品的某些生產階段具競爭優勢，但對該項產品的其他生產階段則不具競爭優勢。所以近年來的貿易型態已逐漸演變成：在A國研發設計、從B國進口原料、半成品或零組件，在C國一步加工組裝生產，再行出口到D國，以創造比較利益，此種專業化貿易型態稱為「貿易垂直專業化」。本研究的主要目的在探討研發投入所形成的技術擴散、產業關聯效果與貿易垂直專業化之間的關係。利用製造業研發支出及產業關聯表等跨期資料的實證結果，觀察台灣製造業1995年到2002年間研發投入跨產業擴散程度及台灣製造業貿易垂直專業化的時間變化軌跡。此外並進一步檢測研發投入與貿易垂直專業化之相關度。實證結果發現台灣製造業的研發投入擴散效果與垂直專業化貿易兩者間具有高度顯著的相關。本研究結果亦可提供開發中國家政府在發展貿易與擬訂科技政策之參考。

In this study we mainly discuss the relationship between R&D efforts and trade vertical specialization. Along with progressive elimination of trade barriers and global position of multination enterprises, the nature of international trade has changed. This has led to changes in international trade patterns over recent years such that a product might be designed in country A, manufactured in country B, assembled in country C, and then exported to many other countries. Some empirical literature has also pointed out that trade vertical specialization produces an obvious contribution to export growth. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to assess the inter-industry linkage effect generated by R&D efforts under an inter-industry linkage structure, and evaluate the diffusion effect. Another objective of this paper is to measure trade vertical specialization levels and trends in manufacturing industry, and to build a new empirical model using an input-output analysis approach, through which the relationship between the industry-linkage diffusion effect of R&D efforts and trade vertical specialization is examined. Using longitudinal data and input- output tables from 1995 to 2002 in Taiwan's manufacturing industry, the empirical results reveal that there exists a significant correlation between the diffusion of R&D efforts and the level of trade vertical specialization.