京町家舊建築再利用違反現代法令之研究

The Study on the Infringement of Modern Law over the Regeneration of the Decrepit Kyomachiya Architecture

京町家（Kyomachiya）被京都市府指定為有形文化財。京町家屬於歷史悠久的木造連排住宅，不僅傳承日本傳統工匠的技法、記錄著當時庶民的生活與生計剪影，也見證這座城市歷史的遺跡，形成京都寶貴的資產。1970年建築再利用保存的觀念興起，連帶著在台灣文化遺產界與建築界也興起這股舊建築再利用的潮流。然而，傳統建築再利用往往被過於簡化思考，因此，常被討論的範圍除了建築物本體的可適用性、文化遺產保存維護、以及建築設計層面之外，針對傳統建築再利用與當今法規之牴觸性的議題，卻鮮少被重視討論。然而，任何偉大或經典流傳的建築，當它與法令牴觸時，所有的心血將有可能化為停滯使用的命運。由於台灣的法令常以鄰近的日本做為修法範本，因此，本研究為深入探討及補足傳統建築再利用與現代法規牴觸性之議題，則以日本龍谷大學的深草町屋校區為例。利用歷史研究法、文獻調查法、町家專家訪談法、個案分析法，系統的歸納分析町家之歷史文化與建築特色。最後輔以京都市傳統木造建築物之保存及活用條例，針對京町家再利用時所牴觸之法令，及提出合法使用之應變配套措施，進行深入探討及研究。研究結果顯示：傳統京町家的建築的外觀主要有7種形式、10項房屋外在型態及特色。町家傳統建築再利用之合法性，強調人民生命財產安全凌駕於傳統建築保存之上，因此町家再利用時必須合乎以下六項指標：1.確保地震時建物的結構安全性2.火災預防3.預防火災蔓延4.確保修房活動的順利性5.確保疏散安全6.替代措施內容的擔保方法。本研究深入探討研究京町家再利用違反法令之時，政府機關或當地主管機關所提出應變之配套實施過程，研究結果可以有效提供台灣執行舊建築再利用時制定法令上之參考與借鏡。

Kyomachiya is designated as a tangible cultural asset by the Kyoto City Hall, the architecture itself is defined as the aligned and conjoined dwelling with a profound history, and not only does it inherit the traditional craftsman technique and chronicle the life and livelihood of Japanese commoners, but also does it witness the historical remains of the city, soundly, the Kyomachiya is a precious asset to the city of Kyoto. With the rise of the concept in regenerating the old architectures in 1970, this trend has created a craze of rehashing the old relics in both cultural heritage and architecture fields of Taiwan, however, the process of regeneration is often abridged as the applicability of the body of the relic, the preservation of the cultural asset, and the design of the relic are all under the scope of discussion, on the contrary, the contradicted issue associated with legal affairs over the regeneration of the old architecture against the modern regulation is rarely being raised. Despite the exerted endeavor onto any magnificent and representative historical building, it will all be halted once the rehashed historical architecture violates the building codes of modern time. Since the regulations of Taiwan exemplify some of those from Japan, the study conducts an in-depth probe and complement based on the conflicted issues for the infringement of modern laws over the regeneration of traditional building, using the Machiya situated on the Fukakusa campus of Ryukoku University in Kyoto as the subject for this study incorporated with the historical method, literature review methodology, interview method collaborated with Machiya experts, case study, and inductive analysis to study the historical culture and characteristic of Machiya. Finally, applying the preservation and regulation for traditional wooden buildings in Kyoto City as an auxiliary to propose a legitimate and alternative resolution to counterbalance the violation of regulation occurred on the regeneration of Kyomachiya. The result of the study shows 7 distinct building fashions along with 10 different styles and characteristics appeared on the exterior of Kyomachiya. Concerning the legitimacy for the revitalizing of traditional Machiya, the regulation stresses that the safety of human must override the preservation of the traditional architecture, thereof, the following 6 regulations must be abided by during and after the regeneration of traditional Machiya; 1) the sustainability of the building structure against earthquakes, 2) the prevention measures for fire, 3) the prevention measures for fire spreading, 4) the assurance for the renovation, 5) a clear direction for exit, 6) a collateral for an alternative plan. The study probes thoroughly into any contingent plans and procedures proposed by the government or the local official as the rehashed Kyomachiya infringes any regulation, and can be used as a resourceful information for the lawmakers to refer to and learn from in the future when any identical regulations are set to be amended or established for the old architectures in Taiwan.