建構以《易經》為基礎的內在朝向式多層立體自我曼陀羅模型：「天人合一我」理論

Construction of an Inward Multilayer-Stereo Mandala Model of Self Based on the Book of Changes: The Unity of Self and Heaven Theory

從西方心理學與儒釋道文化中可以闡釋出兩種「自我」觀，前者認為增強與維持自我是很重要的核心概念，其採取享樂原則、重視追求自身欲望的滿足，是以個體為中心的自我觀；而後者則採取修養原則，形成了修養的自我觀，包括儒家文化的關係我、佛教文化的無我。而道家與儒家形上學基礎的《易經》思維，則是採取天人合一我觀，即是「原來的自我」，需透過自我修養方才能回歸到「天人合一我」。目前尚無研究觸及分析《易經》的自我理論，因此本文目的即是以《易經》為理論建構之來源，用以提出《易經》之「天人合一我」理論，擬以黃光國教授之「自我曼陀羅模型」來分析《易經》內容，以建構「內在朝向式多層立體自我曼陀羅模型之《易經》天人合一我理論」，以真實多維的立體模型透析《易經》思維所觸及之自我的內在結構，用以解釋《易經》之自我觀。本模型提出「西方個人主義文化的自我」與「天人合一我」的定義包含了由「西方個人主義文化的自我」向內修養到「天人合一我」的歷程，「天人合一我」是一種真實的自我內在結構，是沒有區別心的天人合一的融入體驗，不執著於向外索取欲望的滿足與認可的完整自我。本文提出之「天人合一我理論」包含四層次概念，由外層次的「西方個人主義文化的自我」到內層次的「天人合一我」修養歷程，包括從最外層的八種自我外在表現形式、至第二層的自我的曼陀羅及第三層的統一的對立自我，到最內層的天人合一我。此修練歷程包含正視自我最初的真實欲望，並以合乎自然規律的方式修養欲望，盡量減少欲望的滿足與增加利他的實現等，直到修練到天人合一我。其天人合一我的修練有四種方式，即「正視現實、居正持中、坦然接納、順其自然」等，以謀求天人合一境界的修養智慧。此四種方式之目標亦是透過修養修練之過程來正視自我的真實體驗，以掃除自我中心的錯覺，達到天人合一的自我。本文遂而提出「天人合一我」和「西方個人主義文化的自我」的心理歷程比較，以參悟天人合一我的最終目的在於獲得真實並持久的快樂、和諧、圓滿與心理與社會均衡。最後提出未來的研究方向與應用。

There are two kinds of self: one from the western psychology, and one from the philosophies of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The maintenance and strength of the self are core concepts in western psychology and is particularly relevant to egoism, which is a process that focuses on the hedonic principle in pursuit of desires. In contrast, the philosophies of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism all draw on the principle of self-cultivation. Confucianism emphasizes the relational self and Buddhism centers on the nonself. The Book of Changes, which provides the metaphysical basis of Confucianism and Taoism, depicts the unity of self and heaven. This unity is the original self, and it is reached through the process of self-cultivation. The purpose of this paper is to present a theory of the unity of self and heaven based on the Book of Changes. No prior researchers have proposed such a theory. We used Kwang-Kuo Hwang's Mandala Model of Self (MMS) as a framework to analyze the Book of Changes. Based on this analysis we then used the concept of tai chi in the Book of Changes to construct the Self and Heaven theory, which we named the inward multilayer-stereo mandala model. We used this model to analyze the inner self structure based on a full consideration of the Book of Changes in order to present a self theory to logically and systematically elucidate the teachings of the Book of Changes in a theoretical way. The scope of the unity of self and heaven encompasses the cultivation process from the self of Western individualistic culture to the unity of self and heaven. The unity of self and heaven is a true inner self structure. It is a whole self that is neither desire driven nor seeking a variety of identities as defined by western psychology. Our model contains 4 layers representing the process of cultivation of the self from an individualistic self to the unity of self and heaven. The first layer of the model presents the 8 types of behavioral expressions of self, echoing the bagua symbols. The second layer applies the MMS to represent the 4 image symbols of the Book of Changes. The third layer presents the united opposite selves evolving from the liang yi symbols. In this layer, a self is constricted by two kinds of confrontations derived from the MMS, leading to an opposite but united dynamic state. The last layer is the unity of self and heaven derived from the tai chi symbol. It is a contented and harmonious state with integrity. This cultivating process includes facing original desires, cultivating desire by way of obeying nature, minimizing the desire to meet and increasing the realization of altruism or compassion. . According to our model, these 4 layers comprise a progressive way to practice self-cultivation with the goal of attaining unity of self and heaven: facing desires, dealing with desires using the middle way to minimize them, accepting self-identity, and obeying nature to achieve the experience of union with the universe. The goal of these 4 steps is to face the real self, to get rid of the false feeling of egoism, and eventually to reach a unity of self and heaven that is integrally connected to the experience of eliminating the sense of self and its psychological structures. We also provide a psychological comparison between the unity of self and heaven and the western self. Specifically, we illustrate the difference in psychological processes between the self-cultivation of the Book of Changes and the individualistic self. Our model provides a psychological construct that is different from the Western perspective in terms of self-development. The ultimate goal of unifying self and heaven is to attain authentic durable happiness, harmony, wholeness, and psycho-social equilibrium. Our model provides a personality construct different from the Western personality construct. It also provides answers for a sense of unifying self and heaven may develop. It also provides a possible interpretation of the meaning of life and its ultimate goal. We are the first to postulate an academically respectable theory based on a full consideration of the Book of Changes. As a guide toward authentic, durable happiness, it may contribute to the solution of a variety of mental health problems. The intention of this article was to offer a theory to guide future and innovative research into the potential mutual enrichment of the Book of Changes, current psychological theory, research, and practice. Although more research is needed on this front, it is hoped that our model open significant new avenues for mental health research and unravel the secret of why the Book of Changes has lasted for thousands of years.