被建構出的「古坑庄」

Gukeng, A Township Being Constituted

日治時期的1895到1920年之間，因治安考量，臺灣的行政區域頻頻調整，過去討論行政區的變革更動，大抵為府縣、縣廳、支廳、州廳層級行政區的變革，不過最基層的街庄則甚少研究者。本文以今日雲林縣古坑鄉為研究對象，試圖了解古坑庄成為今日行政範圍之前，歷經怎樣的行政區調整？這樣的行政區被建構出來的可能原因為何？文章首先回溯清代古坑地區自然村落的發展，根據古地圖觀察到清中葉以後，古坑地區才劃入清代版圖之內，而其行政轄區更要到光緒20年（1894）《雲林采訪冊》才有完整的記載；在日治時期臺灣每一次行政制度變動，古坑地區的行政區域或轄屬都有所調整。本文耙梳文獻史料，配合長期的田野調查，發現明治31年（1898）草嶺收入打貓東頂堡、明治34年（1901）3縣4廳時期崁頭厝分署設立、明治42年（1909）12廳時期打貓東頂堡與他里霧堡部分村庄併入崁頭厝區、大正9年（1920）街庄改正設立「古坑庄」等等，古坑地區基層行政空間的每一次調整，幾乎都與「雲林事件」的發展有關。作為雲林事件主戰場的古坑地區，由於山區地形複雜險峻，幅員又遼闊，民軍足以負隅頑抗。日方與民軍兩方長期纏鬥的實態，一一反映在古坑地方行政的調整。1920年代被建構出古坑庄，更以警察空間、文教空間和教化空間的交疊，達到日方社會控制的目的。

During the period of Japanese rule between 1895 and 1920, the administrative divisions in Taiwan changed frequently in consideration of public order and safety. When in the discussion of the change of administrative divisions at that time, little research has focused on township, with much focusing on prefectures, subprefectures, and counties. Using Gukeng Township, Yunlin as an example, this paper attempts to illustrate the administrative adjustments that Gukeng Township underwent before evolving to today's administrative region and the possible reasons that constituted the adjustments. In retrospect of the natural development of communities in Gukeng and analysis of historical maps, this paper discovers that not until mid-Qing was Gukeng incorporated into Qing territory, and that not until 1894 was its administrative region completely recorded in The Interviews of Yunlin(雲林采 訪冊). During the period of Japanese rule, the administrative system in Taiwan never changed without adjusting Gukeng ' s administrative region and jurisdiction. Through historical literature review as well as long-term field research, this paper discovers that the adjustments of Gukeng's local administrative space were closely related to the development of Yun-lin Event, such as the incorporation of Caoling(草嶺) in 1898, the establishment of Kantoucuo Branch(崁頭厝分署) in 1901, the incorporation of several neighboring communities into Kantoucuo District(崁頭厝區) in 1909, the establishment of Gukeng Township(古坑庄) and so on. As the main battlefield of Yun-lin Event and surrounded by the arduous and mountainous terrain, Gukeng sufficed the militia to wage a desperate struggle. The constant conflicts between the Japanese government and the militia faithfully reflected the adjustments of Gukeng's local administration, which constituted Gukeng Village in the 1920s and further achieved the purpose of the Japanese government's social control through the overlap of its police space, cultural and educational space, and indoctrination space.