「另類」女性：從一個新聞剪報檔案談台灣比丘尼形象的再現

'Other' Women: a Case Analysis of Newspaper Representations about Buddhist Nuns.

本論文將以聯合報資訊中心的「佛教－比丘尼（尼姑）」剪報擋，做為分析的文本，試圖回答台灣社會自戰役至今的五十餘年來，究竟有那些比丘尼形象存在？而這些比丘尼形象，在大眾傳播媒介（報紙）上，是如何被呈現？為什麼媒體的專業嗅覺，會選取「尼姑」或「比丘尼」做為報導的題材？除了被媒體呈現出來的比丘尼形象外，沒有被呈現出來的空白是什麼？首先，我將根據該檔新聞文本所「不存在」的現象，即自民國三十四年到五十四年間，沒有任何一條相關剪報的情形，來討論「尼姑」或比丘尼與消息來源、和媒體接近使用權的社會權力關係。其次，我將梳耙文本、形象與再現這三個名詞，以及其間糾結相關的關係。接著，我將根據Shiu-kuen Fan Tsung的一個人類學文本所再現的兩種「尼姑」／比丘尼形象，即一種是所謂沒有人要、嫁不出去者，另一種是在感情或婚姻方面，遭受重大挫折或打擊者，來討論「尼姑」／比丘尼如何被社會視為「另類」女性。再來，是進行新聞標題的歸類分析和內容例舉，以圖尋出「尼姑」／比丘尼之所以成為新聞消息來源，和其形象是如何被媒體所再現的線索。在標題分類中，就其時間序列分為十一種型態，即國際偏向、社會議題、家庭倫理、教育程度、修行戒律、社會福利、婚姻關係、名詞釋義、集體活動、個別人事和女性意識。其中，我將就教育程度和社會福利的社會功用面，做進一步的分析討論。最後，我將借用Michel Foucault的「快感的享用」（the use of pleasure）和「生殺予奪的大權」（power over life and death）的觀點和語彙，從社會／男性的角度來進行反向式的討論有關「婚姻」論述的空白。

The primary text used here is the archive 'Buddhism－Buddhist Nuns (biqiunilnigu)' collected by the Information Center of the United Daily News. The collection includes all daily newspapers published currently, including four major national daily newspapers in Taiwan－United Daily News (Lianhebao), Central Daily News (Zhongyang ribao), China Times (Zhonguuo shibao), and The Independence Evening Post (Zili wanbao), as well as some other local newspapers, such as, Great China Evening Post (Dahua wanbao) and Ming-tze Evening Post (Mingzu wanbao). The time scope of　the archive 'Buddhism-Buddhist Nuns (biqiunilnigu)' is from the first clipped article on June 6, 1965, to the date I copied the materials in the Information Center of the United Daily on September 18, 1998. The major questions I attempt to explore in this paper are: how many kinds of images of Buddhist nuns existed in postwar Taiwan? How have these images been represented by the mass media? Why do mass media professionals regard Buddhist nuns as newsworthy? What is the hidden part of this representation? In the paper, I will first discuss the fact that Buddhist nuns did not occupy any space in newspapers in the first two decades of postwar Taiwan (1945-1965) by the critical theory regarding mass media in terms of sources of news and the right of access to the media. Secondly, I will try to explain why Buddhist nuns have become one of sources of news after 1965 by analyzing the news headlines in the file for 'Buddhist nuns.' I examine the articles in terms of several important categories, such as social issues, family ethics, education, social welfare, marriage, and women's consciousness. And finally, I would like to discuss the absence of 'marriage' discourses as a conclusion.