《客家社會生活對話》所見的時體標記「來loi2」、「裡lè2」和「了liao3」

Aspecto-temporal Markers Loi2, Lè2, and Liao3 as Seen in Conversations Chinoises Prises sur le Vif avec Notes Grammaticales: Langage Hac-Ka

本文以早期雷却利所編客語文獻《客家社會生活對話》為對象，觀察其中與時體範疇有關的三個語法標記：「來loi2」、「裡lè2」和「了liao3」。主要的發現包括：「來」具有類似完成體的功能，其性質屬詞彙動貌。「來」也可表示實然之義，為情態標記，因情態與時間概念有所關涉，故一併納入本文討論。「裡」則是詞彙動貌「來」進一步虛化的產物，在該書中與「了」平行並存，同為相當於現代漢語「了1」、「了1+2」「了2」的語法成分。「裡」與「了」標誌時體的功能既然相同，為何會共存在同一個客家方言裡？本文指出這是約莫一個世紀前梅縣客語白話層次與文讀層次兩時體系統並行的反映，在今日的梅縣話及臺灣四縣話皆有所承繼。

Based on data from Conversations Chinoises Prises sur le Vif avec Notes Grammaticales: Langage Hac-Ka, the paper delves into the functions of three aspecto-temporal markers: loi2, lè2, and liao3. The results demonstrate that Loi2 is a lexical aspect marker with perfective meaning. In several contexts of loi2, realis meaning is also manifested. This suggests that loi2 is actively involved in the expression of modality. Given time reference difference being often derivative of basic modal distinction, loi2 as a modality marker are discussed, too. Lè2 is grammaticalized from loi2. Besides, lè2 and liao3, functionally synonymous with le 1 , le 1+2 , and le 2 in Modern Mandarin, are both attested in the text. Lè2 and liao3, though belonging to separate aspecto-temporal systems, can co-exist in Modern Meixian Hakka and Taiwan Sixian Hakka and impart the same aspecto-temporal meaning. It could be dated back to a century ago when both reflexes from different strata had been used in Mexian Hakka.