蘭陽平原新石器時代晚期人地關係的糾葛：以宜蘭縣丸山遺址為例

The Human-environment Entanglements in the Late Neolithic Yilan Plain: A Case Study from the Wansan Site, Yilan County

本文藉由考古學中糾葛的概念，來重新理解宜蘭丸山遺址的資料，並透過資料的分析來討論人群移動的可能原因。筆者嘗試透過對於丸山遺址的自然環境、聚落空間規劃及物質文化的分析，論述在長時間的發展下，跨越千餘年的新石器時代晚期丸山人群如何建構與糾葛在不同的人與物、物與物及人與人的關係中。山丘上的階地、柱洞、墓葬及可能的儲藏結構皆顯示人群為了在小丘上生活而對於地景的適應與修築，然而這些行為亦需要依賴小丘本身的特性與所提供的資源，而丸山人將死去親人的身軀安置埋葬在家園下，建構了活人與祖先世世代代的連結，這更將人群與家園及墓葬所在的小丘緊密的串聯固著起來。丸山小丘在3,900多年前吸引了人群來到這裡，然而小丘本身的性質及其地理區位，使得居住其上的丸山人必須投注心力不斷維護這個家園，而這些維護的舉動讓小丘更加脆弱而又需要更多的維護，這種互動漸漸形成一種羈絆，將人與小丘緊緊糾結在一起，千年之後，丸山人群或許逐漸意識到環境的脆弱選擇離開了這居住千年的家園，而在離開小丘的數百年後，蘭陽平原的氣候才真正開始惡化。

This article employs the concept of entanglement to explore the processes of human-environment interactions and the reasons why settlement had been abandoned some 2,400 years ago through the analysis of the archaeological material excavated from the Wansan site. I try to demonstrate how the Late Neolithic Wansan people had been entangled with the Wansan hill by examining the environmental data, settlement layout, and material objects through time. The archaeological features, including modified terraces, postholes, burials, and possible storage features, all indicate human intention to modify the hill for their habitation. At the same time, these actions were possible by not only human intervention, but also various things acquired from the hill. Furthermore, the placement of deceased ancestors directly below the domestic spheres suggest the close interaction between the hill and people. The Wansan hill drew and tied people together, however, the nature and the location of the hill required human investing energy to maintain their environment. By investigating this human-thing, thing-thing, thing-human and human-human relationships, I argue that the entanglement between the hill and people through a thousand year made the hill vulnerable to human habitation. In the end, the Wansan people chose to leave their home a few hundred years before the dramatic climate change inferred from the environmental reconstruction.