論日本法上定型約款規制：與勞動關係之臺日比較研究

The Comments on the Regulations of Standard Terms in the revised Civil Code in Japan: Also on the Relationship with Work Rules

日本債權法改正為日本民法制定以來首次進行大規模的修法，特別是關於定型約款的效力，係首次於民法中加以規範，其相關內容以及其對勞動關係、工作規則會帶來如何的影響，有探討之必要。定型約款的條文僅有3條，但由於其與日本法上向來的約款規制有很大的不同，引發了許多討論。本文先介紹日本法上傳統的約款規制，再分析法律案中定型約款規制的內容，然後就其相關的問題點進行討論，最後探討定型約款與勞動契約以及工作規則的關係。雖最後可以得出定型約款規制於勞動契約並無適用的結論，此為法律案作成的過程中所形成的共識，除了因為勞動關係法為民法的特別法應優先適用外，法律案中必須係用於以不特定多數人為相對人之定型交易，且以同一之內容為之對雙方係合理者，方符合定型約款之定義，此與勞動契約注重當事人之個性且會進行交涉以致於內容未必同一的特徵不符，因此勞動契約並不該當於定型約款。相對於此，工作規則係針對一定職場的勞工一體適用，難以否定其該當於定型約款的可能性，有進一步討論的必要。而臺灣民法早於1999年債編修正時，即增訂民法第247條之1對於定型化契約進行規制，然該規定對於勞動契約、工作規則可否適用，卻欠缺深入的探討。日本法上相關的議論，實值得我國借鏡。

The reform of the law of obligations is the first large-scale revision of the Japanese Civil Code. In particular, the regulations of standard terms are set in the Civil Code for the first time. It is necessary to discuss the related contents and their impacts on labor relations and work rules. Though there are only 3 articles concerning standard terms, they nevertheless stirred up many discussions because they are in great difference from the traditional regulations in the Japanese legal norm. This paper first introduces the traditional regulations of standard form in the Japanese law, then goes on to analyze the contents of the regulations of standard terms in the revised Civil Code. After that, it further discusses the related issues, and then examines the regulations of standard terms' relationship with labor contracts and with work rules. Despite the common understanding that labor contracts would not be the subject of the regulations of standard terms and condition was reached during the process of the reform, whether work rules could be the subject of that regulation calls for further discussion. §247-1 was amended into the Taiwanese Civil Code in 1999 to regulate standard form contract, however, whether the regulation applies to labor contracts and work rules requires further deliberation. Therefore, the relevant discussions in the Japanese legal norm are worthy of reference.