聯合國永續發展目標下的優質學習生態系統建構：以社會創業型態之印度河濱學校為例

CONSTRUCTING AN ECOSYSTEM FOR QUALITY LEARNING IN THE WAKE OF UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A SOCIAL-ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDY OF RIVERSIDE SCHOOL, INDIA

研究目的：本研究目的旨於探索印度河濱學校如何以社會創業精神建構優質學習生態系統，回應聯合國永續發展目標下優質學習的觀念與挑戰。研究設計／方法／取徑：本研究以國際間和印度國內屢獲教育創新和社會創業獎項肯定的印度河濱學校為例，採連續三年（2015－2017年）的個案研究策略，每年進行為期一個月的移地研究，運用參與式觀察、半結構式訪談以及文件分析方法蒐集質性證據資料，並以社會創業理論分析架構進一步檢析之。研究發現或結論：研究發現個案學校將課綱發展、課程設計以及教學實踐建立在以使用者為中心的設計思維和「Relevance-Rigour-Relationship」的3R價值主張框架上，繼而發展出優質學習生態系統。研究發現優質學習生態系統的多維構面與發展可分為以下三面向：一、如何製造「優質學習」：符應國際標準，發展學校本位特色；回應教師創業家精神，教師分工專業化並跨領域共創；全球與在地公民素養導向。二、如何傳遞「優質學習」：以學習者為中心的教學實踐；強調後設認知與反思的評量方式。三、如何支持「優質學習」：家長的認同與參與，社區服務與社會運動。研究原創性／價值：過去「千禧發展目標二」政策著重於初等教育普及化，強調教育機會管道和入學率等量化指標，教育品質偏重於易以標準化評量檢測出的認知能力，品質一詞逐漸限縮其定義和概念範疇。聯合國「永續發展目標四」政策圍繞於「優質教育」此一核心觀念，自2015年推動迄今，國際社會期待愈來愈多元的私部門組織（包括營利事業和社會企業等）投資教育創新、提升教育品質。2015年之後的聯合國教育議程不只重視學習者的認知能力發展，同時強調非認知能力的養成；教育目的不只為了脫貧與經濟發展，更要培養民主價值和負責任的公民。然而，優質學習該如何實踐和達成？優質學習生態系統可如何被社會創業家建構等議題，往往是聯合國永續發展目標下相當關鍵卻較少文獻探討著墨處。是故，本研究成果期貢獻於此。

Purpose This research explores how Riverside School in India develops an ecosystem for quality learning, by means of social entrepreneurship, in response to concepts and challenges of quality learning in the wake of UN Sustainable Development Goals. Design/methodology/approach This research examines India's Riverside School, which has earned a national and international reputation for its education innovation and social entrepreneurship. A case-study strategy spans 2015-2017. A 1-month field visit is conducted each year, involving participatory observation, semistructured interviews, and documentary analysis. For analyzing findings and results, a theoretical lens of social entrepreneurship is developed and utilized. Findings The studied school was found to base its curricular development, lesson planning, and pedagogical practices on a user-centered design thinking and on a 3R value framework, ‘Relevance-RigorRelationship’, on which an ecosystem for quality learning is based. The development of the ecosystem for quality learning is also found to be multidimensional. The first dimension involves how quality learning is produced. The respective process not only meets international standards but is specialized and school-based, and responds to ‘teacherpreneurship’, which means specialization and professionalization of teachers' jobs. It also refers to teachers who cooperate and create in an interdisciplinary manner. The second dimension concerns how quality learning is delivered. The respective process is permeated using learner-centered pedagogy and metacognition as well as reflective evaluation methods. The third dimension supports quality learning by virtue of not only parents' recognition and participation but also community service and social activism. Originality/value In the past, the Millennium Development Goal 2 (MDG 2) policy heavily stressed the universalization of primary education, with a focus on quantitative indicators such as educational access and enrolment rates. Accordingly, the definition and concept of quality education was narrowed down to standardization of measurements favoring cognitive development. The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) policy is currently centered on the core concept of quality education. After the launch of SDG 4 in 2015, the international society expects an increase in numbers of private sector organizations (including profit enterprises and social enterprises) to invest in educational innovation and promote educational quality. In the post2015 era, the UN educational agenda emphasizes not only learners' cognitive development but also their noncognitive development, with the aim of using education to not only reduce poverty and develop the economy but also foster democratic values and responsible citizenship. Consequently, key questions remain unaddressed, such as how quality learning can be practiced and achieved and how an ecosystem for quality learning can be constructed by social entrepreneurs? These questions are crucial to the post-2015 UN educational agenda but are neglected in the relevant literature to which this research makes an original and valuable contribution.