張載「中正」概念研究──定靜工夫視點下之嘗試性解讀

A Study of the Concept of Moderation in Zhang Zai's Philosophy: A Tentative Interpretation from the Perspectives on Dingjing Skill

本文以先前研究周敦頤「聖人定之以中正仁義而主靜」之定靜工夫成果為切入點，試圖對張載《正蒙．中正》之義理結構進行工夫論式之分析研究。而筆者透過文本文獻分析及相關研究之佐證，發現到〈中正〉宏大之哲學思維中的確具有與周敦頤「中正仁義而主靜」相呼應之思維結構存在。其中筆者所持之論證要點在於〈中正〉文脈論述中事實上具有「中道」→「體正」→「四毋說」→「誠」→「安仁、好仁、惡不仁」之論述命題存在。而這些命題所涵蘊之義理及論述邏輯確實可與周敦頤「中正仁義而主靜」之實踐邏輯相通，並且于深層之義理透視下，張載中正概念可還原為「中靜形正」之根本形式。尤有甚者，張載在此實踐思維基礎下，更進一步透過《孟子．盡心》內容，巧妙地將儒學「仁義禮智信」概念帶入，從而讓我們可以在文本之抽絲剝繭中，看到張載論述「仁義」概念之後，繼而提出「篤信」→「好學」→「禮智」命題以推演「仁→義→信→禮→智」實踐結構之用心。由此我們可以知道，張載不僅呼應了周敦頤定靜工夫之*論述內容，他在此架構下所連結開展出之儒學義理，更是〈中正〉重要之學術貢獻所在。

Based on the author's previous research on the dingjing skill in Zhou Dun-Yi's ＂a saint settles himself to moderation, benevolence and justice＂. This paper attempts to investigate the argumentation and structures of Zhang Zai's On Moderation. With the evidence of textual analysis and related research, I found that the magnificent philosophical thought of On Moderation certainly has thinking and structures corresponding with Zhou Dun-Yi's ＂one settles himself to moderation, benevolence and justice.＂ The main idea of this paper is that the context of On Moderation in fact has the theses of ＂moderation＂→ ＂etiquette＂→ ＂four nos＂→ ＂sincerity＂→ ＂implementing benevolence at ease, being fond of benevolence and disliking cruelty.＂ The argumentation and logic of these theses truly interlinked with the practical logic of Zhou Dun-Yi's ＂one settles himself to moderation, benevolence and justice.＂ Additionally, to take a look at its profound argumentation, the ＂moderation＂ concept of Zhang Zai could be restored to the original form of ＂tranquility in mind and integrity in appearance.＂ Furthermore, on the basis of the practical thought, Zhang Zai further skillfully introduced the concept of ＂benevolence, justice, courtesy, wisdom and sincerity＂ through Mencius Jinxin. Upon making a thorough investigation, we conclude Zhang Zai's dedication of deducing the practical structure of ＂benevolence → justice → sincerity → courtesy → wisdom＂ from the theses of ＂sincere belief＂→ ＂being studious＂→ ＂courtesy and wisdom＂. We can thus know that Zhang Zai not only responded to the content of the dingjing skill of Zhou Dun-Yi, but also made important academic contributions in elucidating the Confucian Philosophy.