四個角色的理論──西塞羅《論義務》I, 105-125

The Theory of Four Personae-Cicero's De Officiis I, 105-125

根據羅馬哲學家西塞羅《論義務》（De Officiis）的記載，西元前二世紀的斯多葛學派的哲學家帕奈提烏斯（Panaetius），在論述合宜行為時提出四個角色（personae）的理論（I, 105-125）。合宜行為的判定，根據帕奈提烏斯的思想，必須依據一個人是否將其具有的四個角色扮演好，即理性，個人特質，環境與運氣及選擇。這篇文章的論述主要有兩個目的：首先試探究帕奈提烏斯的四個角色理論的內涵；其次是藉此理論的討論為當代一空洞的口號「做自己」，提供一可能的內容充實。本文主要由三部分組成：第一部分針對四個角色分別進行討論，並論及帕奈提烏斯的思想是受哪些哲學家或學派的影響；第二部分主要處理的問題是：這四個角色如何能和諧運作？最後，能使四個角色和諧運作者會有什麼樣的生活，會是第三部分關注的焦點。

According to Cicero's De Officiis, the Stoic philosopher Panaetius discusses the notion of proper conduct in terms of the theory of four personae, i.e. rationality, personal characteristics, circumstance and chance, and choice. The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, the content and connotation of the theory will be explored; secondly, by virtue of the discussion of the theory, the contemporary content-free slogan ‘Be Yourself' could hopefully be provided with substance. This paper therefore consists mainly of three parts: The first part of this paper explores the four personae respectively, and discusses the problem: Whether Panaetius's theory is his own creation or influenced by some other philosophers? The second part deals with the issue: How can the four personae harmoniously work together? The third part focuses on the problem: What kind of life will one have, when he can make his four personae harmoniously work together?