論康德定言令式的共識討論結構──試從理性存有者的道德觀點闡述康德的先驗規範邏輯學

The Consensual Structure of the Categorical Imperative in Kantian Ethics-An Explication of the Transcendental Norm Logic from the Perspective of a Rational Agent

本文嘗試把康德在《道德底形上學之基礎》中對於「定言令式」的分析，理解成一門闡釋道德判斷之理性基礎的「先驗規範邏輯學」。在涉及行動決定的倫理學領域中，理性討論的證成活動被康德理解成一種純粹意志的根源性行動。這種在定言令式中表達出來的純粹意志的根源性行動，為我們的意志決定與行動的正當性提出理性的證成基礎。本文將分別透過純粹意志的「理念」與「原則」，說明康德如何基於定言令式的理念，闡發吾人做為一理性存有者所必然擁有的先天道德判斷知識，以及他如何透過定言令式在不同程式中的表達，建構了關於道德正確性的具體判斷原則。透過對於康德先驗規範邏輯學的闡述，本文將進一步指出，康德以「定言令式」做為道德的基本原則，在其可普遍化的道德判準中，事實上隱含了一個追求共識的理想化討論結構。這與當代學者試圖將康德倫理學轉化成開放地參與公民社會的正義理論，具有內在的理論一致性。

In this article I interpret Kant's ”Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten” as a transcendental norm logic. The rationality of moral judgements is seen to be based on the idea and the principle of pure practical reason. But we find also that Kant does not succeed in separating this idea and principle from psychology and anthropology.The rational authority of moral duty can be shown only in actually open discourse which consists of giving good reasons for actions. The consensus structure of the pure will allows for the universalization of moral judgements. My attempt is to draw this connection in a reconstructive manner.