物、感官與故國：論明遺民董說《非煙香法》

Things, Senses, and a Fallen Dynasty: Discussion of Ming Loyalist Dong Yue's Feiyan Xiangfa

本文以香的物質性為切入點，試圖探討清初遺民董說（1620-1686）作於1651年的《非煙香法》當中關於製香、用香的書寫。明清易代之際，玩物不只是牽涉到文人的審美價值和品味，同時也是文人藉以寄託興亡之感、歷史記憶，甚至是政治寓意的方式。董說《非煙香法》對於製香與用香的書寫其實並沒有脫離這樣的歷史以及文化脈絡。藉由參照人類學中宗教用香相關研究，本文探究《非煙香法》所牽涉到的感官經驗轉變，此一轉變所牽涉到的物質層面的調整、其背後所依賴的文學及文化象徵系統的運作，以及該轉變的歷史意涵。本文試圖說明《非煙香法》如何開啟了明遺民在物的收藏、流傳與品鑑之外的，以嗅覺經驗為主軸的面對亡國情境的方式。

Taking the materiality of incense as its focus, this article investigates descriptions of the making and use of incense in the 1651 essay collection Feiyan Xiangfa by the Ming loyalist Dong Yue (1620-1686). During the Ming and Qing dynasties, pleasure objects (wan wu) not only were symbols of literati's aesthetic values and taste, but also means for expressing and containing feelings of grief and mourning, historical memory, and even political meaning. Dong's writing on the making and use of incense in Feiyan Xiangfa is inseparable from this historical and cultural context. Through reference to studies on the use of religious incense in the field of anthropology, this paper explores the transformations in sensory experience that take place in Feiyan Xiangfa as well as the material foundation of these transformations, the literary and cultural symbolic systems behind them, and finally their historical implications. This article attempts to explain how Feiyan Xiangfa opened the way for the Ming adherent to draw upon his olfactory experience as a means of coming to terms with his grief over a fallen dynasty.