地方意識與環境運動：高雄後勁的個案研究

Place and Environmental Movement in Houjin, Kaohsiung

本文以事件過程分析來探討高雄後勁地區為期廿年的社區環境運動。後勁位於高雄市北部，是一個帶有傳統村落特徵的都會邊緣社區。自1987年開始，後勁居民長期與鄰近的中油高雄煉油廠抗爭，這段環境運動歷史依即時目標不同可分為兩個動員階段：第一階段是1987-1990年，以反對第五輕油裂解廠設立為訴求而開啟了長達三年，在台灣環保運動史上寫下重要一頁的「後勁反五輕運動」；較不具全國知名度的第二階段發生於2003-2008年間，主要訴求是督促政府遵守1990無訂下的「廿五年遷廠協定」，讓高雄煉油廠如期搬遷而非就地轉型。根據筆者在1990年及2004年所收集的訪談資料及觀察記錄，本文建議「地方」做為認同象徵是維繫後勁長期對抗高廠的主要因素。這一基本論點有兩層意涵：第一，建立於共同污染體驗、親屬朋友網絡、及公廟信仰的地方身份──「咱後勁人」一是兩階段動員的主要基礎。第二，後勁藉由環境運動所展現的，不僅僅是消極地排拒一個重污染的煉油廠，更重要的，以地方為基底的環境運動提供了一個意義鬥爭場域，在廿年間轉變了「後勁」在高雄市的象徵位階，更讓後勁居民在發展思維之外，醞釀出一種地方自主的另類想像。從這個層面而言，後勁環境運動呼應了當代全球社會運動的共同趨勢，在其中「地方」起著關鍵作用，既是集體行動的動員基礎，也提供了模塑運動訴求及行動策略的文化資源。

This paper documents the origins, processes, and outcomes of Houjin's long-lasting environmental campaign against the CPC. The field site, Houjin, is a working-class neighborhood located in the northernmost district of Kaohsiung City. Houjin community was mobilized for a three-year protest in 1987-1990, and then in 2004, against the neighboring Kaohsiung Refinery of the Chinese Petroleum Corporation (CPC)-Taiwan's chief oil company and the main source of pollution in the area. I suggest that place provides a vantage point from which to better understand the motive and resilience of Houjin's two decade long environmental campaign. This basic argument has two connotations: first, place-based identity as Houjin-ren (people of Houjin), constituted in the shared pollution experience, kinship and neighborly networks, and communal religious rituals, was the basis for mobilizing across factional and partisan lines within the community. Second, other than merely a counteract to the polluting Refinery, the movement was indeed a communal struggle over defining the meaning, identity, and future of the place Houjin. The environmental movement set in motion a cultural politics through which the position and identity of Houjin was being reconceptualized as activists fight for recognition of their rights to the environment. In this sense, the Houjin movement is parallel to other community-based social movements occurring in the world, in which place plays a pivotal role in the production of environmental awareness.