什麼傳統？誰的領域？：從泰雅族馬里光流域傳統領域調查經驗談空間知識的轉譯

What Tradition? Whose Territory?: A Critical Review to the Indigenous Traditional Territory Survey and the Translation of Spatial Knowledge in Marqwang Case, Taiwan What Tradition? Whose Territory?: A Critical Review to the Indigenous Traditional Territory Survey and the Translation of Spatial Knowledge in Marqwang Case, Taiwan

本文的目的是經由對空間知識轉譯過程的分析，探討「部落地圖」作為原住民族「傳統領域」調查工具在認識論和方法論上的可能限制與盲點。地景是特定視角觀看下所得到的空間意象，而地圖則是對於空間的一種再現；用現代製圖技術結合原住民社區參與地圖的繪製，最早源自於民族／人類學者基於學術興趣在北美印地安社區所進行的民族誌研究，自1970年代起，這樣的地圖繪製被認識到是可以作為原住民土地權利主張的有力工具，而逐漸被世界各地的原住民使用，並因區域間社會脈絡的不同，發展出不同的名稱、方法和關注重點。在臺灣，「部落地圖」一詞於2001年馬告國家公園設置爭議時首次被提出；2002年，行政院原住民族委員會展開以部落地圖為核心方法的「原住民族傳統領域調查」計畫；2007年，當政府試圖以公告泰雅族馬里光群傳統領域回應司馬庫斯樺木事件，作為五年來傳統領域調查成果應用於具體政策實踐的首例時，卻意外的引發了馬里光群與鄰近泰雅族部落間的緊張關係。本文透過文獻回顧與作者本身的參與觀察，檢視原住民社區製圖的方法在臺灣社會中被轉譯成「部落地圖」的脈絡，以及原住民族傳統領域的社會性建構如何受這樣的轉譯所影響；接著，分析泰雅族的空間知識如何在傳統領域調查與部落地圖的操作下被轉譯成現代國家的領域概念，又為何導致部落間的衝突；最後，本文指出在空間知識轉譯過程所隱含的權力關係，並對部落地圖與傳統領域調查方法提出建議。

This paper aims to discuss the translation of spatial knowledge and the social space in which the knowledge was translated. Since Native American communities successfully claimed their land rights with community map originally developed under the academic interest of geographers and anthropologists in 1970s, community mapping has been gradually applied by indigenous communities around the world and developed into diverse methodologies. In 2002, Taiwan government launched the nation-wide ITTS in response to the rising indigenous land claims, under which community mapping was designed as a main method to identify traditional territory for every indigenous community. In 2007, Taiwan government firstly announced the traditional territory of Marqwang group of indigenous Atayal people, but unexpectedly caused further conflict between Marqwang group and its neighbor Atayal communities. Aiming to explore the epistemological controversy and methodological limits of community mapping in ITTS, this paper examine how the method of ”indigenous community mapping” was translated in Taiwan society and how indigenous traditional territory was socially constructed under the influence of this translation. Further more, by review the Marqwang case, this paper examine how Atayal spatial knowledge was translated into modern concept of ”territory” in the implement of ITTS, and led to the conflicts between indigenous communities. In the end, this paper argues that the misappropriation of indigenous knowledge is the fundamental reason caused the conflicts.