天下無不是的父母？－－華人父母角色義務對親子衝突與親子關係的影響

Are Parents Never Wrong? The Influence of Chinese Parents Role Obligation on Parent-Child Conflict and Relationship

過去關於華人的親子衝突研究大多以權利為視角，而缺乏華人文化之契合性。本論文則以角色義務的觀點且以子女的角度重探華人親子衝突事件的類別及其對衝突後親子關係的影響，並進行三個實徵性研究。研究一以問卷調查236位大學生，指出子女可以將父母的行為作不同義務類型的歸類。研究二以開放式問卷蒐集65位大學生的親子衝突經驗，308筆的質性資料經內容分析後顯示，以義務觀點為基礎而建構的衝突事件之分類實存於生活中；另外，將衝突事件分為父母「執行積極義務」、「違反非強制義務」及「違反強制義務」三類最具簡約性，且可有效預測衝突後的親子關係變化。研究三以衝突情境故事的擬實驗法，探究親子原先的實虛性和諧關係是否調解衝突事件類型對衝突後親子關係的影響。在295份有效問卷中發現，實虛性和諧關係可調節衝突事件對衝突後關係的影響，如父母「執行積極義務」雖會引起親子衝突，但如果親子先前關係為實性和諧，衝突後不但比虛性和諧的親子要好，其衝突後關係仍可維持在普通以上；但若父母因「違反強制義務」引發親子衝突，原先實性與虛性和諧的親子其衝突後關係不但沒有差異，且都降到普通以下。

Previous studies in cultural Chinese context on the conflict between children and their parents mostly adopted a western "right-based" perspective to identify conflict without considering whether the perspective is fitted to view cultural Chinese parent-child conflict. This study used an "obligation-based" perspective taken by children to explore parent-child conflict events and their relation. Three empirical studies were employed. In study 1, a questionnaire was used to survey 236 university students. The results showed that university students could classify their parents' behaviors into different kinds of obligations. While obligations could be fulfilled or violated, these conditions were then added into the classifications and used for study 2. In study 2, open-ended questions were given to 65 university students, and written description of 308 parent-child conflict experiences, including conflict events and the relation after the conflict, were collected. The results of content analysis showed clear indication of an obligation-based conflict event framework, as our research constructed. Furthermore, three kinds of conflict events, "fulfill positive obligation", "violate uncompulsory obligation" and "violate compulsory obligation" were best predictors of parent-child relation after conflict. In study 3, scenario questions were given to university students to examine the effects of parent-child conflict in genuine or superficial relationships. 295 valid questionnaires were collected. Parent- child relationship prior to the conflict, described as a genuine harmony or a superficial harmony, was found to moderate the relationship after conflict. When parents fulfilled positive obligation, the parent-child relation after conflict was better for those in a genuine harmony than the ones in a superficial harmony. Those in a genuine harmony would even remain a positive parent-child relation after conflict. When parents violated compulsory obligation, the parent-child relation after conflict became negative regardless of whether the prior relationship was genuine or superficial, and the two showed no significant difference. Finally, the implications and future research directions were discussed.