性別與領導角色孰先孰後？主管－部屬性別配對、共事時間及家長式領導

Sex Role First, Leader Role Second? Sex Combination of Supervisor and Subordinate, Length of Cowork, and Paternalistic Leadership

效身處於男尊女卑、父權主義的華人社會中，女性位居管理者時，常會同時受到「性別角色」以及「管理者角色」兩者間雙重的角色期待，進而影響主管和部屬之間的互動。本研究的目的在探討男、女主管面對不同性別部屬時，其所展現的家長式領導行為的差異情形，以及主管與部屬的共事時間在其中扮演的調節角色。本研究是以問卷資料進行各項假設的驗證，研究對象為60家台灣企業之中、低階管理人員以及一般員工，其中，主管與部屬的有效對偶資料為510個對偶。進行各項統計分析之後，研究結果顯示，男女主管所展現的家長式領導皆沒有顯著差異；但四種主管與部屬的性別配對間，主管所展現的威權領導以及仁慈領導有顯著差異存在，至於德行領導則沒有差異。而由階層迴歸分析結果發現，主管與部屬的性別配對與主管所展現的威權領導的關係會受到共事時間的調節，也就是說，四種主管與部屬的性別配對間，主管所展現威權領導的差異幅度，會隨著主管與部屬共事時間的增長而愈加顯著。最後，本研究對研究結果作進一步的討論，並針對研究限制以及未來研究方向做更為詳盡地說明。

In the patriarchal Chinese society, the female supervisors usually need to face the dual role expectation: "sex role" and "leader role", which would then influence the interaction between the supervisor and the subordinate. The main purpose of the research is to explore the difference in paternalistic leadership performed by the female and male supervisors when facing the subordinate with different sexes, and to examine the moderating effect of length of cowork on the relationship between sex combinations of subordinate - supervisor and paternalistic leadership. The data were collected by the questionnaire survey on 510 supervisor - subordinate dyads from 60 companies in Taiwan. The result shows that there is no significant difference in paternalistic leadership between the female and male supervisors. However, considering the weight of subordinate's sex, sex combinations of supervisor - subordinate do have the prevailing influence on authoritarianism and benevolent leadership but on moral leadership. Moreover, the effect of sex combinations of supervisor - subordinate on authoritarianism leadership are moderated by the time period that the supervisor worked with the subordinate. Finally, contributions and limitations are also discussed, and suggestions are provided for future studies.