華人辯證思維與「性格與行為關連性內隱理論」之關係

The Relationship between Chinese Dialectical Thinking and the Implicit Theory of Personality- Behavior Association

本研究依據「性格與行為關連性內隱理論」（許功餘，2003）探討這種內隱理論與華人人際互動之關係。在個人認知系統中，將「何種性格的人在人際互動過程中最可能做出何種行為」加以連結的認知基模，即為「性格與行為關連性內隱理論」。此理論認為在人際初識互動發生之前，個人以其對互動對象所知的性格來預測互動對象在互動過程中可能出現的行為，進而能對彼此的互動有所掌握。本研究推斷受到華人對初識者的疑懼心態之影響，在性格與行為關連性的內隱理論中，個人傾向將多數性格與負面行為連結在一起；又受到華人辯證思維之影響，使得個人預測具有正面性格的互動對象可能做出負面的行為，而不至感到矛盾。本文就「精明幹練－愚頓懦弱」、「勤儉恆毅－懶惰逸樂」及「外向活躍－內向沈靜」等性格向度，以兩個研究來探討華人辯證思維對華人性格與行為關連性的內隱理論之影響。在研究一中，以書寫成語意義的方式操弄受試者的辯證思維方式之強弱，在研究二中，則以中庸量表測量受試者的辯證思維。整體而言，研究結果支持本文之主要預測：越具有辯證思維的受試者，越可能預期不同性格的互動對象出現負面的次要行為，特別是對正面性格的互動對象。此外，研究結果亦顯示受試者對不同性格者可能出現的行為預期對其互動行為有顯著的影響。最後，作者討論華人辯證思維對人際知覺與互動之影響。

We conducted two studies, exploring the relationship between Chinese dialectical thinking and the implicit theory of personality-behavior association which refers to the associative schema about a target person with certain kind of personality trait that would lead him to perform certain kinds of interpersonal behavior. Such as when a stranger is feared and his motive is doubted, the obesever would predict this target person having certain specific kind of personality trait, and conclude that this stranger might perform some negative (or harmful) behaviors. However, when using dialectical thinking, people would wind up predicting that persons with positive personalities might behave in negative ways. Hsu (2003) presented a new theoretical conception, coined as the implicit theory of personality behavior association. The relationship between this implicit theory and interpersonal interaction was examined. It was considered that before interacting with a stranger, people tend to predict that the target person will perform some kinds of interpersonal behaviors based on their knowledge about this target's personality information. Dialectical thinking was manipulated by a cognitive task in Study 1, and measured by the "middle way" scale in Study 2. On the whole, the results supported the predictions that people with high dialectical thinking had more negative predictions of targets' behaviors, especially targets with positive personality traits, and that these negative predictions of targets' behavior influenced subjects' interaction behaviors. The results are discussed in terms of the impact of dialectical thinking on personality perception and interpersonal interaction.