家庭效能信念的影響與來源

Impact and Sources of Family Efficacy Beliefs in Chinese Society

依據社會認知理論，自我效能信念是指導個人行動最重要的因素。然而針對人際關係，特別是家庭效能信念的研究仍占少數。本研究採用長期追蹤與代表性抽樣的「華人家庭動態資料庫」，探討台灣民眾的家庭效能信念其影響與可能來源。研究一分析2007年調查時符合三明治世代定義的樣本，和2009年追蹤調查資料，重要結果包括：（一）待親、教養及婚姻三種家庭效能信念對不同家人關係有各自的影響力，展現效能信念為範疇特殊性的理論意義。（二）家庭效能信念可以預測個人心理健康；其中以婚姻效能信念對於現代台灣民眾的家庭生活滿意、過去及現在主觀幸福感的解釋力最大。（三）家庭效能信念對於兩年後的家人情感及家庭活動的參與具有預測力，並透過後者作為中介，影響個體心理適應。研究二取自2003年首次調查的27至39歲青壯年樣本，及於2007年追蹤其家庭效能信念的兩筆資料，結果發現：受訪者所抱持的家庭價值觀、家族活動參與及情感關係等因素，可以形塑其家庭效能信念。個體在家庭中因角色而有不同形式的能動性展現，此即家庭效能信念所捕捉的心理特性。利用長期追蹤資料的優勢，本研究提供家庭效能信念可以影響台灣民眾家庭生活滿意和主觀快樂的證據；並進一步驗證華人家庭倫理價值觀對於建立不同家庭效能信念的區辨性。

Rooted in social cognitive theory, the present paper considered efficacy beliefs that each family member holds about its role as a spouse, parent, and child. Further, it was examined how these different efficacy beliefs relate to the quality of family functioning, individual well-being and family values over time. The first study analyzed survey data derived from the Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) of Taiwanese in 2007 and 2009 by means of structural equation modeling. The results showed that parental efficacy, marital efficacy, and filial efficacy were linked to the qualities of their corresponding relationship respectively, reflecting the “domain- specific” theoretical construct of efficacy. People's perceived self-efficacy to manage family relationships affected their satisfaction with family life both directly and through its impact on family practices, and these relations held both concurrently and longitudinally. In particular, marital efficacy contributed the most to the quality of family life in contemporary Taiwan society. The second study tested a structural model in which relevant sources influenced family efficacy beliefs. Findings based on a new sample drawn in 2003 and 2007 from PSFD showed that besides the past experiences of family interaction and relation, personal values related to the family functions, such as the marriage in stitution and affective connection, helped establish efficacy. In conclusion, for understanding the reciprocal relations among efficacy beliefs, family processes, and psychological adjustments, it is important to take the dynamics of the whole family system and cultural values into consideration.