領導者與部屬上下關係認定之理論模式建構

The Model of Leader-Subordinate Relational Identity

上下屬對彼此關係的認定如何影響雙方的行為，近年來頗受研究者重視。本研究有別於以往研究上下關係採取類別互動或自我概念的觀點，而以社會認知基模的觀點，特別關注領導者與部屬對上下關係本質的認知結構與類別內涵。本研究首先回顧組織中領導者與部屬上下關係的理論與研究。其次，經由分析過去自我概念觀點以「關係連結程度」定義自我之關係認定的研究後，為補充其缺口，而以社會認知基模的觀點來定義「關係對偶角色」，並考量華人傳統文化與西方文化衝擊後之現代化組織內上下關係的特性，釐清領導者與部屬上下關係認定的認知結構向度與內涵。將領導者與部屬上下關係認定之內涵區分為「平等／不平等」與「親密／疏遠」兩個認知向度，並依此分類為四種上下關係的內涵：平等而親密的關係內涵為情感共享上下關係；平等而疏遠的關係內涵為工作利益上下關係；不平等而親密的關係內涵為照顧回報上下關係；不平等而疏遠的關係內涵則為權威服從上下關係。建立領導者與部屬上下關係認定之理論模式，最後則指出上下關係認定模式對組織的重要性、未來研究方向、研究限制及實務貢獻。

The issue of how relational identity of leader-subordinate relationship affects behavior of both parties is getting more and more attentions in recent years. Different from past studies on leader-subordinate relationship taking viewpoints of self-concept or interaction between categories, this study took perspective of social cognitive schema with special focus on the cognition structure and category content of the vertical leader-subordinate relationship. Firstly, this study reviewed theories and studies related to leader-subordinate relationship in organization. Secondly, based on the review of past studies taking perspective of self-concept that used degree of relational bonds to define selfrelational identity, this study adopted viewpoint of social cognitive schema to define “relational dyadic role” to fill up the gap; meanwhile, considering the characteristics of vertical relationship in modern organizations after culture shock from Western to Chinese traditional culture, this study further clarified the dimensions and contents of cognitive structure of vertical leader-subordinate relationship. That is, by using the two dimensions of “equal/unequal” and “close/distant,” the contents of the leader-subordinate relational identity (LSRI) could be classified into four categories: communal affection relationship (equal and close), instrumental exchange relationship (equal but distant), care-repay relationship (unequal but close), and authority-obedience relationship (unequal and distant). Lastly, this study constructed a model of leadersubordinate relational identity, and the importance, future research directions, research limits, and practical contributions of this study were also discussed.