防衛型高自尊者在威脅情境下的防衛反應與自動情緒調節

The Defensive Reactions and Automatic Emotion Regulation of Defensive High Self-Esteems under Threaten Situation

根據不同意識層面測得的自尊可區分為外顯與內隱兩類，其中屬於高外顯、低內隱自尊的人通稱為「防衛型」高自尊者；而屬於高外顯、高內隱自尊的人稱為「安全型」高自尊者。經由兩實驗研究，本文比較當自我受到威脅時，防衛型與安全型高自尊者在防衛行為，以及自動化情緒調節反應上是否呈現差異。防衛型高自尊者雖擁有正向自我觀，但由於對內隱自我評價傾向於自我懷疑，因而對涉己的負向評價訊息敏感，因此推論相較於安全型高自尊者，容易在威脅自我情境下表現出較多的防衛性反應，也在自動化情緒調節反應上表現較差。研究一選取20名安全型及20名防衛型高自尊大學生樣本，分別隨機分派到兩種評價回饋的操弄情境（正向vs.負向），發現分派在負向評價回饋情境下，防衛型較安全型高自尊者對於涉己威脅來源有較多的負面評價，以及較會貶低趨下的外團體；但分派在正向評價回饋情境下，兩類型高自尊者的反應並無差異。研究二選取18名安全型及17名防衛型高自尊大學生樣本，經使用改良式情感促發作業操弄，發現防衛型高自尊者在閾下自我涉入情況下，相較於安全型高自尊者，其調節涉己負向情感訊息的時間較長，而在非閾下自我涉入時卻未顯現這樣的差異。這結果反映出自動啟動的情緒調節歷程需經由內隱自我的激發才會發動；高內隱自我評價（安全型）自尊者面對閾下與自我聯結的負向情緒激發時，其慣用的自動調節模式會幫助跳離負向情緒影響，使他們可以快速的轉換負向情境影響而朝正向目標關注；然而低內隱自我評價（防衛型）自尊者由於發展出不佳的內隱自我觀感，在無意識自我涉入下遭遇負向刺激時，其調節模式卻是習慣沉浸於負向情緒的感染，而減低對後續正向目標的注意及應變處理。

According to different conscious level, we can distinguish self-esteem into explicit and implicit aspects. Individuals with high explicit self-esteem but low implicit self-esteem are called defensive high self-esteems (defensive HSE), in addition, individuals with both high explicit and implicit self-esteem are called secure high self-esteems (secure HSE). In this study, by comparing these two types of self-esteems' behavioral responses in threatening situations and automatic emotion regulations to negative emotion, we can further elaborate the heterogeneity of high self-esteem appearance. Study1 which included 20 secure HSEs and 20 defensive HSEs tested that defensive HSE in face of threat stimuli will present more defensive reactions than do secure HSE. By manipulating two kinds of feedback situations (positive vs. negative feedback), the study 1 found that, in the receiving negative feedback, defensive HSE evaluated the source of threat (pseudo-intelligence tests) more negative than did secure HSE, and more to belittle outgroup (private students) score. In study 2 which included 18 secure HSEs and 17 defensive HSEs, we further explored whether self engage in negative emotion would cause different regulation time to two types of high self-esteems. By using modified affective priming task, we found that when priming subliminal self, defensive HSE's automatic negative emotion regulation is slower than that of secure HSE, and is also slower than that of secure HSE in positive emotion regulation situation. These findings did not show in none subliminal self primes. This study discussed that defensive HSE possess positive self views at public level but at implicit level they feel relatively negative about themselves that are fragile to threat, leading them uneasy to regulate their negative emotional state.