「自我意識」與「無自我意識」記憶的機制：當代記憶分離研究的匯聚證據

The Mechanisms Underlying Conscious and Unconscious Memories: Converging Evidence from Studies Using a Memory- Dissociation Procedure

本文探索「自我意識」與「無自我意識」記憶的機制，所根據的是當代使用「歷程分離程序」（用於顯示測驗）或「以自我監測為基底的分離程序」（用於隱示測驗）分離一個測驗裡兩類記憶的研究成果。這些結果一致的顯示，「淺層處理」、「深層處理」、「聯想」與「自我衍生」對顯示與隱示測驗裡「自我意識」估計值產生正向的作用，其中「深層處理」、「聯想」與「自我衍生」的作用大於「淺層處理」的作用。在另一方面，「淺層」與「深層」處理對「無自我意識」估計值產生正向的重複促發作用，但「聯想」與「自我衍生」對此估計值未產生促發或產生抑制促發的作用。以上結果被認為，此兩類記憶不但其驅動的形式不同，而且其受惠於練習情況的訊息收錄亦不同。

Conscious and unconscious forms of memory were assessed by examining how the 2 forms within a test were affected by shallow and deep processing, association, and self-generation of study words in the studies using either the process-dissociation or the metacognition-based dissociation procedure. The results of these studies consistently showed that the 4 study conditions produced a positive effect on estimates of conscious memory in explicit and implicit tests with the effect being larger under the deep, association, and self-generation than under the shallow condition. On the other hand, shallow and deep processing produced a repetition-priming but association and self-generation produced either no repetition or a repetition-inhibition effect on estimates of unconscious memory. These results suggest that the 2 forms of memory measure different memory systems.