衝動性量表的發展：心理計量特性及其反社會性格障礙之關係

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPULSIVENESS SCALE: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES AND RELATION TO ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

本研究的目的在根據Barratt所提出的衝動性建構三向度（動作衝動、認知衝動、不善計畫性）編製一份衝動性量表，進行因素分析與信效度等計量分析，以驗證Barratt對衝動性成份的假設，並探討其與DSM-IV反社會性格障礙之關係。量表的發展是先依據Barratt所提出的衝動性建構，分別依照動作衝動、認知衝動、不善計畫性三向度編寫題目，接著再進行量表的預試與利用探索性因素分析探索新編量表之因素結構與篩選題目，之後進行信效度分析。探索性因素分析可抽取出動作衝動性與不善計畫性二個因素，而依此形成二個分量表：在信度分析方面，以120名大學生、201名男性台南監獄受刑人合併社區正常樣本進行量表的內部一致性信度與再測信度分析，結果發現新編衝動性量表具有可接受之內部一致性信度係數與再測信度係數；在效度分析方面，以161位台南監獄的受刑人（其中有79位符合DSM-IV反社會性格障礙，82位未符合）與33位社區正常男性為樣本，求取衝動性與無法克制性、判罪次數、及入獄次數的相關，並比較反社會性格犯罪組、非反社會性格犯罪組、以及社區正常組在衝動性量表及其分量表得分上之差異：結果發現衝動性量表之總分與二個分量表分數皆與無法克制性有顯著相關，而判罪次數與入獄次數則僅與動作衝動性有相關：此外，在探討衝動性及其不同成份與反社會性格障礙之相關方面的研究，發現不同的衝動性成份皆能有效地區分出具有反社會性格障礙與不具有反社會性格障礙診斷者或社區正常組，而動作衝動性又能區分出不具有反社會性格障礙之受刑人與社區正常組。

The purposes of this study are: (1) to develop an impulsiveness scale composed of motor, cognitive, and non-planning impulsiveness dimensions based on Barratt's hypothesis of impulsiveness, (2) to analyze the psychometric properties of this new scale, (3) to examine Barratt's hypothesis, and (4) to examine the relationship between impulsiveness and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition (DSM-IV). An item pool was first constructed to consist of 11 items of motor impulsiveness, 8 of cognitive impulsiveness, and 11 of non-planning. Then through exploratory factor analysis carried out in 201 male adults (168 prisoners and 33 normal controls), we selected 21 items, which were divided into motor and non-planning subscales. We examined internal consistency and test-retest reliability in 120 college students and the 201 subjects (which included male prisoners and normal controls). We found that this newly developed scale and two of its subscales showed acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Finally, we examined the relationship of the scale and subscale scores of impulsiveness to: disinhibition scores, frequencies of being sentenced, going to jail, and ASPD in 161 prisoners, including 79 prisoners with ASPD and 82 without ASPD, and 33 normal controls. We found that the total scale score and two subscale scores were positively correlated with disinhibition scores but only the subscale score of motor impulsiveness was positively correlated to both frequencies of being sentenced and going to jail. We also found that two subscales of impulsiveness could distinguish prisoners with ASPD from those without ASPD and normal controls. Moreover, only the subscale of motor impulsiveness showed a significant difference between prisoners without ASPD and normal controls.