「孝道困境」之重新分類及「消解模式」中動機與後果之分野：以電視連續劇中之親子互動為例

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE ATTEMPTS AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS FOR FILIAL DILEMMAS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF TELEVISION PRIME-TIME DRAMAS

本研究以葉光輝（1995）所提出之「孝道困境」及「消解模式」為理論基礎，探討電視連續劇中所揭示的親子互動衝突及解決策略。並提出「消解模式」應區分為「消解動機（企圖）」及「消解效（後）果」兩種不同的概念。本研究之樣本取自雷庚玲（1996）之原始資料，分析台視、中視、華視自民國八十四年三月至十月所推出之六齣八點檔連續劇共267集。其中有59對親子對，2431個親子互動場景。本研究之主要目的包括：（1）探討連續劇中之子女在處於某一特殊孝道困境中，是否會採取特定之消解模式。（2）將父母與子女合併為同一個分析單位「親子對」，並檢驗電視劇中子女在採取某一消解模式後，其於親子雙方所造成的後果，是否和原消解模式之定義相符。（3）探討連續劇中子女在不同的孝道困境下，採用相同的消解模式是否會達到不同的消解效果。（4）探討連續劇中所顯現之孝道困境、消解模式、及消解效果之種類及頻率的性別差異。例如父親和母親所帶給孩子們的困境是否不同、兒子及女兒面對相同困境時是否會傾向使用不同的消解方法、以及同一消解模式所獲致之消解後果是否有性別差異。（5）了解連續劇對於「隱瞞父母」消解模式之呈現方式，並比較「功利主義消解模式」與「以功利主義為動機的隱瞞消解模式」之消解後果的差異。結果發現，當劇中子女遇到「雙向衝突類困境」時，多採取「功利主義」消解模式來消解困境，遇到「絕對父母類困境」時，多採取「自我犧牲」消解模式來消解困境。各消解模式之中，除「自我犧牲」和「規避逃離」消解模式所造成的效果與原消解企圖相符之外，「功利主義」、「兼容並蓄」和「折衷妥協」消解模式之後果皆與原消解企圖之相符程度未達顯著水準。性別差異的分析結果則發現，處於「雙向衝突類困境」時，兒子與女兒的消解模式是類似的，但在「絕對父母類困境」，兒子較會採用「功利主義」或「折衷妥協」消解模式，女兒則較傾向採取「自我犧牲模式」。本研究之結果，不但凸顯出葉光輝（1995）所界定之「孝道困境消解模式」，的確需進一步區分「消解企圖模式」與「消解後果模式」間之差異；並且透過心理學理論與科學分析方法，展現八點檔連續劇所顯現的親情倫理模式為人詬病之處。

Yeh (1995) was the first to propose the concept of 'filial dilemma' to categorize parent-child conflicts in Chinese families. Six distinct types of filial dilemmas and five types of offspring dilemma-resolving strategies have since been identified. The six filial dilemmas are as follows: (1) unethical or immoral demands by the parent (s), (2) conflicts between parental demands and the child's expectations, (3) parental demands exceeding the child's abilities, (4) the inability to meet filial responsibilities because s/he is overloaded with other obligations, (5) the child caught in the middle of a spousal disagreement, and (6) the parent(s) behaving in an unreasonable manner. The five dilemma-resolving strategies are conceptualized in a two-dimensional model: 'the emphasis on parental wishes and welfare' and 'the emphasis on the offspring's own wishes and welfare'. The 5 dilemma-resolving strategies are (1) the self-sacrifice type, (2) the utilitarian type, (3) the compatibility type, (4) the escape type, and (5) the compromising type. This paper maintains that Yeh' s model is unclear on whether each dilemma-resolving strategy is defined by the 'attempts' or the 'consequences' of the strategy. For example, although the self-sacrifice strategy implies that the offspring intents to devalue his/her own welfare to promote parental satisfaction, the child's good intentions may not necessarily produce the intended results. Self-sacrifice may lead to parental concern and regret that was not anticipated before or during the implementation of the strategy. This paper examines the feasibility of utilizing both the 'resolving attempts' and 'resolving consequences' concepts to analyze parent-child filial conflicts and patterns of conflict resolution. It also endeavors to realize how parent-child relationships are constructed and revealed in Taiwanese prime-time dramas. The data drawn from Lay (1996) included six dramas that debuted on the three major TV networks in Taiwan during 1995. Two thousand four hundred and thirty-one parent-child interactions from fifty-nine parent-child dyads (including in-laws and grandparent-grandchild dyads) in 267 one-hour episodes were coded. The data analyses examined (1) the association between the types of filial dilemmas and the patterns of dilemma-resolving strategies, (2) the compatibility between attempts and consequences of each resolving strategy, (3) the extent of each type of filial dilemmas as a function of the compatibility between the attempts and the consequences of the applied dilemma-resolving strategy, (4) gender differences in the filial dilemmas faced, the resolving strategies applied, and the consequences received by the offspring and the parent after implementing various dilemma-resolving strategies, and (5) the consequences of applying 'deceiving actions' to resolve filial conflicts. Six types of filial dilemmas were collapsed into two categories to reduce the number of variables and simplify the data analysis. The 'bi-directional dilemmas' category consisted of dilemmas that originated from conflicts between parental demands and the child's expectations and from the child's inability to meet the filial responsibilities because of other obligations. The 'authoritarian dilemmas' category consisted of dilemmas that originated from unethical or immoral demands by the parent (s), from parental demands exceeding the child's abilities, and from unreasonable behaviors exercised by the parent(s). Results revealed that the 'utilitarian strategy' was most frequently utilized to resolve 'bi-directional dilemmas' while the 'self-sacrifice strategy' was most frequently employed to resolve 'authoritarian dilemmas'. The 'compatibility strategy', the most adaptable of Yeh' s (1995) strategies, only appeared eleven times in the 209 dilemma-resolving strategies recognized in the sample. Moreover, the attempts and the consequences of three of the five dilemma-resolving strategies were incompatible. Anticipated consequences emerged only when the protagonists applied 'self-sacrifice' or 'escape' conflict resolutions that were considered the least adaptable of the five resolving strategies. The incompatibility between dilemma-resolving attempts and consequences was especially profound in strategies that were preceded by 'authoritarian dilemmas'. In conclusion, the dramas sampled herein described the resolution patterns of parent-child conflicts in a very traditional manner. Children were likely to sacrifice their own welfare even if their parents' requirements were immoral, unreasonable, or transcended their children's abilities. In terms of gender differences, the dramas depicted conflicts between mother and son more often than other parent-child dyads. Sons were more likely to face 'bi-directional conflict' than 'authoritarian conflict' especially with their mothers. Sons were also more likely to adopt 'utilitarian' or 'compromising' dilemma-resolving strategies while daughters were prone to use 'self-sacrifice' strategies. This finding suggests that TV dramas still impose female stereotypes on their audience. Future research endeavors should investigate whether and how audiences utilize the messages implied in dramas and integrate the parent-child interaction scripts into their knowledge or schema of parent-child relationships.