社會困境的泛文化研究──台灣與美國大學生的比較

CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF SOCIAL DILEMMA--COMPARISON BETWEEN TAIWAN AND AMERICAN STUDENTS

本研究主要是比較不同文化下的台灣與美國受試面對社會困境時的合作行為。一方面探討懲罰制度對於不合作行為的嚇阻效果，另一方面探討個人／集體主義與合作行為的關係。首先，在合作行為上，本研究發現台灣受試比美國受試不合作。而面對懲罰制度，台灣與美國受試的反應不同之處是：台灣受試只要有嚴密的抽查，或是嚴重的懲罰，就會減少不合作的自私行為；而美國受試卻只有在抽查機率高的時候，嚴重的懲罰程度才能阻止其不合作行為。另外，「告知抽查機率與否」對美國受試的影響是顯著的主要效果，而對台灣受試的影響尚須視懲罰的嚴重程度而定。在個人／集體主義方面，本研究發現，台灣受試的集體主義並不會比美國受試強烈，但是，台灣受試重視配偶、父母、親戚的程度甚於美國受試；而對朋友與同事（同學）的重視程度卻不及美國受試。因此，當本研究受試在社會困境中所面對的只是同學或甚至陌生人，而非配偶、父母、與親戚時，台灣受試不合作的情形比美國受試嚴重。本研究還發現，重視「團體利益」動機的受試最為合作，而重視「相對利益」與「個人利益」的受試則較不合作，且二者合作行為並無顯著差異。本研究最後試圖從社會認同的層次來討論不同動機對合作行為的影響。

This study aims to compare the cooperative behavior of Taiwan and American students in the social dilemma situation. The effects of sanction system and the player's degree of collectivism on cooperation are the foci of the study. It was found that for Taiwan subjects, either 'high probability of inspection' or 'high degree of punishment' can reduce incooperaitve behavior significantly, yet for American subjects, only 'inspection probability known or not' factor has a significant main effect on cooperation. In respects to Collectivism/Individualism Scale, it was found that subjects from two cultures did not differ on total collective scores, but Taiwan subjects scored higher on collectivism toward spouses, parents, and relatives, and American subjects scored higher on colletivism toward colleagues/classmates and friends than their counterparts. This was proposed to be the main reason for the finding that Taiwan subjects were less cooperaive than American subjects in the present social dilemma situation. In addition, it was found that subjects with the motives to maximize 'joint gain' cooperated the most, while 'individual gain' and 'relative gain' subjects cooperated less and did not differ from each other. General discussion from social identity perspective concluded this paper.