精神分裂症的訊息處理策略類別：人類訊息傳遞自動化理論的運用

CATEGORIZATION OF INFORMATION-PROCESSING STRATEGIES IN SCHIZOPHRENICS

過去有關精神分裂症患者訊息處理障礙的研究結果較無一致性，其原因有三：1.忽略精神分裂症患者的高異質性問題；2.研究結果往往根據一個實驗結果，就來推論精神分裂症患者的訊息運作障礙發生在那個階段；3.研究者較少注意到精神分裂症患者的訊息處理策略的問題。本研究一方面兼顧上述三大問題，試圖探討精神分裂症患者的訊息處理策略，另一方面假設不同類型的精神分裂症患者因為不同的處理策略，所以呈現不同的症狀。研究一根據Stroop顏色命名作業的結果將精神分裂症患者分為二組，各組之分組選擇標準如下：如果在實驗1不合諧情況（IC）的反應時間顯著地長於合諧（CC）及控制（C）兩情況的，且在實驗2的結果符合下列兩項條件：亦即（1）在不合諧情況的反應時間顯著地長於字義無關（SI）、假字（PO）、控制及合諧等四種情況的反應時間；（2）在假字情況與在控制情況與在控制情況的反應時間互相沒有顯著差異，則被分到AP組（代表其自動化訊息傳遞歷程是完整的）；如果在實驗1的反應時間型態與AP組相同，但是在實驗2的不合諧、字義無關與假字等三種情況，反應時間分別地都顯著地長於控制情況及合諧情況，則被分到D組（表示其訊息傳遞歷程易受到無關刺激的干擾）；如果在實驗1不合諧情況與控制情況的反應時間互無顯著差異，同時在實驗2的不合諧情況、字義無關情況、假字情況與控制情況的反應時間也皆互相無顯著差異，則被分到AI組（表示其自動化訊息傳遞策略有障礙）。依上述漂準，將參與本研究的125名精神分裂症患者中的26名分到AP組，28名到AI組，40名到D組，其餘31名無法分組。以實驗3「單字配對」的語意促發實驗，本研究驗證各組患者使用不同訊息處理策略的假設。本研究預測AP組應享有盈利效果，但不受虧損效果的障礙；AI組享受不到盈利效果，而D組應不會發生虧損效果。這三項預測都獲得實驗結果的支持。

There have been inconsistent results and interpretations about the research of information processing in schizophrenics. Three factors most likely related to this phenomenon are: (1) ignorance of the heterogeneity of schizophrenia; (2) invalid inference of information-processing disturbance in schizophrenia from single experiment in the previous researches; (3) insufficient researches on the information-processing strategies in schizophrenics. This research, based on the theory of automatic processing, was aimed to detect different categories on information-processing strategies in schizophrenics as well as to validate such categorization. The methodology on convergent operation and individual analysis were used. In experiments 1 and 2, three groups of schizophrenics (N = 125) were obtained by differentiation of normal or deficit automatic processing in Stroop Color Naming Task. The first group had the normal automatic processing strategy, 26 schizophrenics included. The second had deficit automatic processing strategy, 28 schizophrenics included. The third group were distracted by irrelevant stimuli during information processing, 40 schizophrenics fallen into this group. The other 31 schizophrenics could not be classified into any group. In experiment 3, the 'single word matching task' of semantic priming paradigm was applied to test the validity of the categorization of the three groups. The result validated the findings of the three different categories in schizophrenics' information-processing strategies.