穿鄉越境：清代檔案所見賣藥人的活動與行銷手法

Crossing Borders: The Activities and Marketing Methods of Drug Vendors Documented in Qing Dynasty Archives

在清代，隨著朝廷對地方醫療的重視降低，各州縣的地方醫學和惠民藥局也逐漸衰敗，導致基層社會醫療資源的不足，又加上私人醫者在出診和開藥方等醫療過程中的索費不貲，也讓一般小民在延醫治療的選擇上有所卻步。於是，當民眾遭遇病痛時，販售簡便廉速之成藥的賣藥人，往往成為他們求助的對象。清代賣藥人的活躍，反映在雍正至道光朝一連串官方搜捕賣藥人的檔案記錄。本文將利用官方檔案、醫書和民間抄本，首先描述幾件重大搜捕賣藥人的案例，以瞭解官方對賣藥人的看法；其次，分析賣藥人的背景、賣藥動機以及所持藥品的性質；最後，討論賣藥人販賣藥品時的宣傳手法和道具，希冀藉此對於這群穿鄉越境、遊走四方的賣藥人之活動與形象有更完整的認識。

As the royal court of the Qing Dynasty lowered its concern for local medicine treatment, the resources allocated for local medicine and pharmacies gradually diminished, resulting in a lack of basic medical resources. Costs for private doctors and pharmaceutics services became excessively expensive, causing in reluctance of the public in seeking medical services. As a result, many turned to drug vendors for help, who provided medicine that were both cheap and ready-made. The activities of drug vendors were reflected in the archive records of drug vendor arrests of the ruling era from Yongzheng Emperor to Daoguang Emperor. This study uses government archives, medical records and manuscripts of the public, to first provide a descriptive account of major drug vendor arrests, to understand the royal court's attitude towards them. Secondly, this study will analyze the background, motive of selling drugs as well as the properties behind their medicine. Lastly, it will review the promotional methods and tools used by drug vendors, in hopes of attaining a more comprehensive understanding of the activities and images of these border-crossing, nomadic vendors.