變動的社會界限：從建構主義的觀點檢視偏差休閒理論的發展

Negotiating the normative boundaries: Re-exploring the idea of deviant leisure from a social constructivism perspective

目前的休閒主流研究觀點，常陷入一種單向的思考方式，除了持續強調休閒能為社會提供的功能與益處之外，並在休閒概念中賦予道德上的解釋。這種觀點相對忽略了休閒參與者和參與形式本身所交織而成的複雜向度，遺漏了社會結構轉變下休閒意涵變化與轉型的空間，缺少了對制定社會道德常模的權力團體之討論。近年來，社會學家有鑑於消費社會與娛樂產業的急遽興起，開始呼籲休閒與其相關領域學者反思休閒概念中絕對正向的設定，認為應該正視並檢討在休閒研究較少人關注之偏差休閒的相關層面。本篇論文企圖以建構主義的角度，分析偏差休閒概念的形塑與變動過程；除了批判既有休閒學說的適用性，並從社會結構變化與社會常模迷亂的層面，討論休閒概念中偏差與非偏差、正向與非正向、以及主流與非主流族群的權力位移。論述發現，現下我們正面臨一個異質且多元的世代，因為多元的生活方式已使固有的信念逐漸喪失絕對的宰制力；因此，我們所熟悉的社會建構也都在此時變得模糊且有爭議。這使得既有的價值與觀點，包含偏差或休閒的意涵，皆面臨重新建構，甚或是解構的過程。這種過程也形成各方勢力包含世代、媒體、階層、主流與偏差之間不斷的競爭，以實質衝突或主體對抗的形式在社會上不斷的相互較勁。

The current thinking of leisure research has fostered a certain inclination, that is, a continuous emphasis on the positive perspective of the function of leisure, and further endows the meaning of leisure a fixed moral standard that governs people lives. This view not only ignores the complex interaction between participants and their leisure choice under the transformation of social structure, but also disregard the formulating process of moral norms managed by the power groups. Along with the rapid rise of the consumer society and entertainment industry, sociologists have begun to suggest leisure-related scholars to re-investigate the positive assumption within the concept of leisure, and urge to open up the possibility to review the deviation-related constructs that are less concerned by leisure research. In addition to criticizing the applicability of the existing leisure theories, this study attempts to analyze the development of the idea of deviance in leisure discipline, and meanwhile discuss the displacement of the boundary between deviant and non-deviant leisure through the lens of social constructivism. The discussion reveals that we are now facing a diverse generation with heterogeneous lifestyles and beliefs, which weaken the existing convention and force the current ideology to break into fragments. Most constructs of values and opinions, including the meaning of deviance in leisure context, are subject to re-construct according to different requests of different social groups, via the form of incessant conflicts and confrontation among each other.