論民事調查令的實踐基礎與規範理性

On the Practical Basis and Normative Rationality of Civil Investigation Order

民事調查令是我國歷經二十多年試點的原生性證據收集制度，在規範層面存在著主觀正當性、客觀合理性、程序保障性、效果有效性等問題，有必要對其申請主體與命令對象、時空階段與取證範圍、簽發程 序與救濟程序、違令後果與制裁措施予以完善。鑒於民事調查令與書證提出命令形成競合，書證提出命令具有公平與效率價值上的優勢，若參照大陸法系將取證範圍擴大到第三人和書證以外的其他證據種類，那麼長遠來看兩者可以整合為一項民事證據收集制度。依照我國充實當事人取證權利、填補法院職權取證漏洞的現實改革邏輯，民事調查令是法院將調查取證的實施權轉授給律師的制度設計，具有調查取證的親歷性和能動性、實踐效果的補足性之獨立存在意義。因此，在防範實踐理性的絕對化之後，原生性的民事調查令制度目前也可以基 本實現現代化的轉型。

The civil investigation order is an original evidence collection system that has been tested in China for more than 20 years. At the normative level, there are problems such as subjective legitimacy, objective rationality, procedural guarantee and effectiveness. It is necessary to improve these rules in the respect of applying subject, command object, stage of time and space, scope of evidence collection, issuance procedure, relief procedure, consequences and sanctions. At the institutional level, the order for production of documents competes with civil investigation order and has advantages of fairness and efficiency. If we refer to the civil law system and develop the collection scope to the third person and other types other than the documentary evidence, the two can be integrated into one civil evidence collection system in the future. However, in accordance with China's realistic reform logic, namely enriching the parties' right to obtain evidence and filling the loopholes in the court's powers, the civil investigation order is the system designed for the court to transfer the enforcement power of evidence collection to lawyers, and has meaning of independent existence, personal experience and initiative of evidence collection and the complementary practical effect. Therefore, after preventing practical rationality from becoming absolutized, the original civil investigation order system can also basically realize the transformation of modernization.