法規審查要求權的規範闡釋及其歷史契機

The Genesis and Normative Construction of Power for Demand to Review of Regulations

法規審查要求是《立法法》賦予特定國家機關的公權力，具有直接啟動審查機制的效力。其規範屬性必須結合憲法進行理解。全國人大及其常委會兼具主權代表機關、立法機關和審查機關三重身份，因此， 其法規審查在傳統上均為主動審查。設立被動的要求機制，意味著全國人大及其常委會的自我限制。通過將審查要求權下放給五類主體，全國人大常委會得以使整個審查制度更加多元和高效。審查要求權的分享意味著要求主體之間的相互監督，因此，要求對象不能局限於法條明文列舉，還應當進行目的性擴張解釋。國家監督體系的完善與否在根本上決定著審查要求機制能否發揮作用。為消除要求主體“一團和氣的共謀”，全國人大常委會可以督促各要求主體制定要求權行使細則。

The demand to review of regulations, which has the ability to initiate review procedure, is a power conferred to certain state organs by law on legislation. The normative characteristics of this power should be understood under the Constitution. The traditional review is triggered by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee as sovereign representative organ, legislative organ and reviewing organ. The establishment of passive demand procedure is a self-restraint. By conferring the demand power to the five bodies, the NPCSC could establish a more diversified and efficient review system. The share of demand power signifies the mutual supervision of demand bodies among each other, therefore, the review object should rather be interpreted broader than the textual enumeration based on the purpose of law. The function of demand review procedure is determined by the perfection of state supervision system. In order to avoid the conspired harmony of the five bodies, the NPCSC should urge them to enact the concrete rules of exercising the demand power.