從前線到邊緣的轉折：金門的家庭變遷與家庭政策

Transition from the Frontier to the Margin: Family Change and Policy in Kinmen

本文從家庭人口學和家庭社會學的角度，運用官方統計資料與檔案方析法建構金門家庭的變遷與其歷程。主要發現是金門家庭變遷受到區域政治的型態從軍事戰爭轉為經濟戰爭的形塑：1949年起因國共內戰，金門進入戰地政務時期，家庭成為軍管前線，透過家庭進行人口管制、計畫生育、以聯保制維持金門無「家變」，降低對軍事戰爭的負擔與依賴。1992年解嚴後恢復民主和經濟自由，隨著諸多管制的解除以及服務業、觀光業和福利制度的擴張，家庭形成、組成和規模開始轉變。2002年小三通實施後，婚姻市場向國際開放，家庭與婚姻價值動搖，形塑今日金門家庭的特徵，包括新住民家庭比例、單親家庭比例和隔代教養家庭比例偏高，伴隨男女就業率翻轉、老年人口比例高幼年人口，在此社會與人口轉型下，金門家庭面臨性別與照顧關係的轉型。而此轉折需放在區域政治下，臺灣、金門在國家發展架構的位置有關，在戒嚴時期，家庭被納入軍事控制以支持臺灣發展，解嚴後，金門成為兩岸拚經濟的前線，家庭卻淪為福利措施的工具，本文謂之家庭在政策中地位從核心到邊緣。

This paper explores family change and its process in Kinmen by using family demography and sociology through connecting government data and document analyses. The main finding is that family change in Kinmen was affected by the form of geopolitics, from military war to economic war. Because of the inner war between the Kuomintang and Communists in 1949, Kinmen was forced into military rule. Family represented the social control frontier to reduce the burden and dependence on the military system through the control of population movement, family planning, and family-based guarantee system. After the 1992 curfew was lifted, these rules were deregulated gradually. During this period, the family formation, scale, and relationship changed with the development of tourist and service industries and social welfare system. Furthermore, the policy of Mini Three Links, implemented in 2002, opened the marriage market to the world and affected family values. Currently, the features of families in Kinmen include a higher proportion of new inhabitants and that of single-parent and grandparent families-provided the female employment rate is higher than that for male and the elderly population is higher than the younger population, respectively. The Kinmen society has demonstrated changes in gender and care relationships during social and demographic transformation. This transformation was associated with the division between Kinmen and Taiwan under the national developmental framework with wider geopolitics. In other words, in Kinmen, families represented the important unit of the military system, supporting Taiwan's safety and development during the military rule; with the global emergence of economic war, families have eventually lost their importance and became the tools of social services. In brief, this paper defines that the change in the importance of family in policy occurs from the frontier to the margin.