民法視野下海上貨物運輸中訴權制度研究——違約之訴的擴張與侵權之訴的限制

Right to Sue in the Carriage of Goods by Sea from the Perspective of Civil Law–Expansion of Action of Breach of Contract and Restriction of Action of Tort

海上貨物運輸訴權制度可追溯至早期普通法。在普通法律先作出變革之後，為解決海上貨運訴權行使的困境，海商法隨之效仿。一方面，為維護貨方利益，擴大了有權行使違約之訴的主體範圍；另一方面，為維護船方的利益，限制了侵權之訴的行使條件與法律後果。兩條救濟路徑體現了“效率”與“公平”價值的兼容。我國《海商法》的修改也應予以借鑒：對於違約之訴，原則上由托運人享有訴權，但可約定轉移至收貨人；對於侵權之訴，在保留“喜馬拉雅條款”的基礎上，創設“海運履約方”制度。 he right of suit in the carriage of goods by sea could be traced back to the early time of common law. After common law has taken the lead to make changes, maritime law follows the concept of civil law in order to solve the dilemma of the exercise of right of suit. On the one hand, in order to safeguard the interests of the cargo owners, it expands the scope of the subject of the action of breach of contract; on the other hand, in order to protect the interests of the shipowners, it restricts the conditions and legal consequences of the action of tort. The foresaid remedies embody the compatibility of two values of “ efficiency ” and “ justice ” among the maritime law. The amendment of relevant provisions of Chinese Maritime Law shall also draw the lessons from it. As to the action of breach of contract, the shipper has the right of suit on principle, allowing it to transfer the right of suit to the consignee by agreement; as to the action of tort, on the basis of retaining the uHimalaya Clause”, the concept of “maritime performing party” shall be adopted.