國際投資仲裁實踐中保護東道國人權的系統解釋路徑剖析

The Anatomy of Systemic Interpretation Approaches to Protect Human Rights of Host State in International Investment Arbitration

近年來，投資者保護與東道國人權保護之間的衝突愈發明顯。《維也納條約法公約》第31.3c條因具有系統整合功能而被視為化解投資者保護與東道國人權保護之衝突的重要工具。既有投資仲裁實踐中第31.3c條之適用呈現出三種進路：協調解釋東道國義務衝突，澄清解釋投資待遇標準和補缺解釋投資者人權義務。其中，後兩種適用進路更有可能實現對東道國人權的保護。有鑒於此，東道國在未來的投資仲裁抗辯中，可以通過適用第31.3c條澄清解釋投資者享有的待遇標準，正當化東道國的規制措施，從而間接實現對東道國人權之保護；也可以在反請求中適用第31.3c條補缺解釋投資者承擔的人權義務，從而更為主動地維護其境內居民的人權利益。 In recent years, the collision between investor protection and human rights protection of host state has become more and more intense. Given the systemic integration function of VCLT Article 31.3c, it is widely regarded as an important tool to resolve the conflicts between investor protection and human rights protection of host state. The existing investment arbitrations reveal three approaches to apply Article 31.3c: the harmonious interpretation of conflicts of the host state's diverging obligations, the clarifying interpretation of investment treatment standards and the gap-filling interpretation of investors1 human rights obligations. The latter two are more likely to realize the human rights protection of host state. Thus, in the defense of future investment arbitration, the host state can invoke Article 31. 3c to clarify the investment treatment standards to justify the host state's regulatory measures, which could protect human rights of host state indirectly. In counterclaims, the host state may also invoke Article 31.3c to fill the gaps of the investors, human rights obligations, which could safeguard its human rights interests in a proactive way.