中國文人園林多重三元辯證的「空間生產」

The “production of space ” trialectics of Chinese literati garden

中國文人園林是生產自中國社會文化的一種特有空間場域，伴隨著文人對此一場域的美學建構、文字論述與生活實踐，在中國文化表現中，延續出一脈始於魏晉一千五百年以上的傳統。本文立基於中國園林的文化特質，導入二十世紀晚期以來蓬勃發展的人文地理學理論，藉以探討中國文人園林作為一個文化場域的「空間生產」過程。本文首先以魏晉南北朝園林文學文本為對象，就文人園林空間的生產過程進行析論，用以解析的工具是列斐伏爾在《空間生產》一書所提出的「物理的－心理的－社會的」三元概念組。唐宋時期的文人園林開始有了題景、點景的設計，本文接著由列斐伏爾的「構想－感知－生活」與「空間實踐－空間表徵－表徵化空間」等三元概念組，觀察園林文化成熟後的明末清初造園理論名篇－《紅樓夢》第十七回及《園冶》如何對題景、點景這種符號化的施為進行建／解構。由於列斐伏爾的空間理論固然可以用來論述中國文人園林的空間生產，但局限存乎其中，有所不足，因此本文根據文人園林的場域特質，另提出「美學－論述－實踐」三元辯證組，以唐宋至明清的相關園林文學文本為例進行分析，論證文人園林其實是一個在「仕－隱」之間，以「中隱」思想為基模的「中介空間／第三空間」。 Chinese literati garden is a unique type of space specifically produced in Chinese culture. Along with the formation of aesthetics, writing discourse and practice of living in the garden, this cultural space emerged and continued for more than 1500 years in traditional Chinese society. Although a rich variety of studies on Chinese literati garden have been done, how this kind of cultural space was ''produced'' seldom explored. Especially, while abundant resources of space theories were developed since the last quarter of the 20th century, many theories provide various humanistic dimensions of space which this article consider can be adopted to the study of the production of Chinese literati garden. Based on the cultural characteristics of Chinese literati gardens, three sets of triads introduced by Henri Lefebvre in his Production of Space, namely, ''the physical-metal-social triad,'' ''the perceived -conceived-living triad'' and ''the spatial practice-representations of space-representational spaces triad'', are adopted as methods to study in-depth the production of Chinese literati garden. This article also proposes a set of ''production of space triad'' -- ''aesthetic-discourse-practice'', to study several of the writings relevant to Chinese garden since Wei-Jin to Qing Dynasty. Through the study, it is found that the Chinese literati garden is an ''in-between'' space and a so-called ''The Third Space'' which breaks the dichotomy of ''being an official'' and ''being a recluse'' for the ancient Chinese literati.