論氣候變遷脈絡下國家賠償構成要件的解釋

Elements of State Liability in the Context of Climate Change

全球近年發生不少災害，聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會發表的報告顯示許多災害即可能是氣候變遷所引發的。面對全球氣候的劇變及重大災害的層出不窮，國家所應承擔的責任應有如何的改變？相應地，此等責任的確定對國家賠償的成立又有何等影響？本文透過歸納發生災害的原因、文獻分析及環境法一般原理原則內涵的釐清，發現氣候變遷兼含有剩餘風險及不確定風險的問題，環境法上的預防原則及預警原則正是用以處理此等問題的原理原則。在此等原則成為環境法上的法律原則，立法者也汲取其內涵立法下，國家賠償法成立要件的解釋也必須融入此等原則的精神，以預防原則強化國家面對剩餘風險的能量，並以預警原則突破國家賠償無法處理不確定風險的侷限。 In recent years, disasters have occurred in many parts of the world, and reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change show that disasters have resulted from climate change. When confronted with substantial climate change and major disasters, how state liabilities change warrants investigation. Moreover, what influences state liability transitions have, especially as applied to interpreting the elements of state compensation law, is worthy of research. To answer these questions, this article explores causes of disasters, analyzes related documents, and expounds environmental law principles. This article concludes that climate change is a largescale problem comprising two smaller problems, namely residual risk and uncertain risk. In environmental law, the prevention principle corresponds to residual risk and the precautionary principle corresponds to uncertain risk. When these principles become legally established in environmental law, legislators apply them to make laws; thus, legal interpretation regarding state compensation must integrate these two principles. Therefore, the prevention principle can be used to strengthen capacity when confronted by the residual risk of disasters; moreover, the precautionary principle can expand the limits of state compensation law regarding uncertain risk in the face of disasters.