從Henri Lefebvre的空間觀點分析現代教師的圖像

Henri Lefebvre是西方馬克思主義的重要代表人物之一，其著作《La production de l’espace》（空間的生產）闡述了他對空間的分析以及城市的探討，以及個體身體活動與空間的關聯性。國內在討論Lefebvre的哲學觀時，多從藝術、建築與社會學的角度來探析，但較為缺乏來自教育學的視角；以現今的教育學理論來說，探討空間最多的則屬以地方為導向的教育學（place-based education，以下簡稱PBE），PBE討論的是地方與空間之間的關係，以及在教學現場裡教育工作者如何將地方與空間的概念融入教學之中，研究者認為以PBE的觀點結合Lefebvre的空間觀，將可形塑出另一種現代教師可能呈現的圖像。本文首先討論以地方為導向的教育學其意涵為何，再從《La production de l’espace》一書來統整Lefebvre的空間觀點並加以探討，最後研究者以哲學探討的方式提出研究者個人分析，嘗試描繪出現代教師可能的圖像。本研究的結論共有四點：一、教師應鼓勵學生對生活所見事物進行思考與批判；二、教師應儘可能採用戶外教學以增加學生與自然空間的連結；三、在對生活事物的批判與自然空間的接觸中，瞭解社群與自然空間的關係，並從中思索自身對於地方的責任；四、教師可鼓勵學生用藝術創作表達抗拒與對自然空間的情感。 Henri Lefebvre is one of the important representatives of western Marxism. In domestic discussion of Lefebvre's spatial views, most scholars tended to analyze from the perspective of architecture and sociology, but lacked the perspectives from education. In terms of today's educational theory, place-based education may be the theory which mention space a lot. Place-based education is about how to integrate the concepts of place and space into teaching. The purpose of this paper is to describe modern teacher's image form place-based education and Lefebvre's spatial points of view. There are four conclusions of this paper. First, teachers should encourage students to think and criticize what they see in their daily life. Second, teachers should use outdoor teaching as much as possible to increase the connection between students and natural spaces. Third, in the contact between the criticism of daily life and natural spaces, teachers should encourage students to find out the responsibilities of the relationship between the community and natural spaces. Fourth, teachers can encourage students to express resistance to social space and emotion to natural space in artistic ways.