一次大戰前尤金•德布斯對非洲裔勞工與外來移民觀點的轉變

The Transformative Thought of Eugene Debs upon African American Labor and Immigration before World War I

19世紀末至20世紀初期為美國勞工運動重要的發展時期，尤金•德布斯（Eugene Debs）則代表其中激進派的勞工權益改革者。他成長於勞工家庭，歷練於「火車鍋爐員兄弟會」，1894年籌組「美國鐵路同業工會」，並因領導1894年芝加哥普爾曼罷工事件而入獄。其後德布斯成立美國社會黨，將社會主義與勞工運動結合，並試圖透過政黨活動實踐其理念。在這些不同的人生階段中，德布斯看待少數族裔勞工，尤其是非洲裔與華裔勞工的看法也有所轉變，從早期以歐裔勞工權益為中心，支持排華運動，到普爾曼罷工前已逐漸展現對非洲裔勞工及（亞裔、墨裔）移民的關懷。美國社會黨成立後，他以「階級」概念試圖打破勞工運動中白人與非白人勞工群體壁壘分明的藩籬，積極展現對非洲裔、華（亞）裔勞工與東歐裔移民更加正面與友善的觀點，對美國當代勞工與社會改革運動中跨族裔的合作與溝通等面向產生深遠的影響。 During the period from the late nineteenth century to early twentieth century, Eugene Debs was the representative of the radical labor movement and social reformation in the U.S. He was born in a family with both his parents as first-generation European immigrants. He started to participate in the activities of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, serving as the chief editor of this organizational magazine since late 1870s to early 1890s. In 1894, Debs established the American Railway Union and heavily led the Pullman Strike, which caused disband of the American Railway Union, while he was put into prison. When he was free from jail, he received the socialism and contributed to establish the Social Party of America, the way he believed to promote the labor's rights and privileges. During different stages of his life in labor activities, Debs demonstrated transformative thoughts upon non-white workers, particularly for the blacks, along with immigrants from non-Western Europe. From early perception of negative attitudes for the non-white workers in white-based labor unions, Debs gradually showed sympathy for black workers, together with newcomers from East Europe, for their worse working conditions and suffering in lives. He increasingly employed friendly strategy with attempt to recruit the blacks and immigrants to enlarge the basis for pan-working-class movement and political mobilizations when he vehemently involved in political activities in early twentieth century. The transformation of Debs's strategy upon ethnicity in the labor issues provides the further understanding of American labor movement and radical political agenda upon immigration in the past one-and- half-century.