孝文崇拜與東魏政治

Worshipping the Xiaowen Emperor and the Politics of Eastern Wei

從陳寅恪先生指出東魏北齊的制度乃繼承北魏孝文帝改革成果後，此說至今仍是學界的基本認識，影響深遠。然而陳先生對東魏北齊繼承孝文體制的原因卻無申論，本文以為這與北魏末、東魏時人濃厚的孝文帝崇拜氛圍有關。表現在高歡兩次立君皆擁立孝文帝一系、東魏從「主弱臣強」走向「君臣一體」、高歡無意佈局魏齊禪代等點上。高歡、群臣對孝文帝的高度崇拜也讓高澄、高洋往後篡位遭遇巨大的困難。即使成功易代，高洋仍無法建立替代「魏德」的「齊德」，必須在臨終前大殺元氏以防東魏復辟。但在高洋死後，朝廷便有為元氏平反的聲浪，即使到末年，圍繞北齊元年的論爭，竟由認定高洋乃失德之君的陽休之一派獲勝，這也凸顯出孝文崇拜對東魏、北齊政治的深刻影響，與東魏的特殊歷史地位。 Ever since Chen Yinke pointed out that the institutions of Eastern Wei and Northern Qi inherited the achievements from Xiaowen Emperor's reform in Northern Wei, this line of argument has been the scholarly foundation, with far reaching influences. However, Chen did not discuss the reason of this institutional inheritance from the Xiaowen system to Eastern Wei and Northern Qi. This article examines the issue in relation to the surging worship of the Xiaowen Emperor during the end of Northern Wei and during Eastern Wei. This was evident in Gao Huan's support to the two chosen Emperors, both belonged to Xiaowen Emperor's line. It was also shown in the instances in which the Eastern Wei was transformed from ＂Weak Ruler and Strong Minister＂ to ＂Unification of Ruler and Minister＂, and in the lack of planning by Gao Huan for a takeover(Shandai). The high level of worship of the Xiaowen Emperor by Gao Huan and the ministers also became substantial obstacles to Gao Cheng's and Gao Yang's later attempts to seize the throne. Even if the throne was successfully taken, Gao Yang was still unable to establish a ＂Moral of Qi ＂ that is capable of replacing the ＂Moral of Wei＂. This necessitated the slaughter of the Yuan family prior to his death in the hope of preventing a return to power by Eastern Wei. Yet after the death of Gao Yang, voices seeking remediation of the Yuan family appeared at court. Even in the later years, the argument surrounding the founding year of Northern Qi was won by the faction led by Yang Xiouzhi, who considered Gao Yang as a ruler without morals. This highlighted the profound influence of worshipping the Xiaowen Emperor on the politics of Eastern Wei and Northern Qi, and the special status of Eastern Wei during the course of history.