重新理解抽象危險犯的處罰基礎──以安全性理論為中心

Rebuilding the Basis of Punishment for Abstract Dangerous Criminals: Focusing on Safety Theory

本文目的在於重新理解抽象危險犯的處罰基礎。為此先檢討傳統以保護個人法益為核心的前置化模式，發現此模式是透過禁止定型化犯行來避免威脅法益存續的犯罪傾向，以控管可能因行為人無知或失誤而無法避免的偶然情況，此作法固然充分體現出刑法工具化的思維，卻以犧牲可罰性基本原則作為代價。因此本文轉向安全性理論，此理論主張抽象危險犯保護者為安全，即潛在被害人得於無合理憂慮下放心使用支配法益的狀態，然而既有的安全性理論，有的難以整合於以保護作為實體性對象之法益的刑法基本觀點之中，有的完全棄守刑法規範內涵而轉向規範效力層面的社會生活導引力觀點。基於以上反省，本文立於法權關係理論，主張個人權利不只會因權利客體的物理性損壞而被侵害，也會因改變關於權利行使的心理性條件而被侵害，因此抽象危險犯旨在穩定權利行使的心理性條件，禁止改變心理性條件的行為模式，以確保潛在被害人的認知穩定性。在此認識下，抽象危險犯的立法應以與公眾的可溝通性為要件；其適用亦應採取合目的性解釋方法，排除未動搖認知穩定性之行為的成罪可能。透過本文的嘗試，在某程度上可調和在犯罪前置化問題上自由與安全的衝突關係。 The purpose of this paper is to rebuild the basis of punishment for abstract dangerous criminals. To this end, we first review the traditional predecessor model with the core of protecting individual legal goods. We find that this model avoids the tendency to threaten the survival of legal goods by prohibiting stereotyped offenses, and controls the accidents that may be unavoidable due to ignorance or mistakes of the perpetrators. In fact, this practice fully reflects the instrumental thinking of criminal law, but at the expense of the basic principle of punitive punishment. Therefore, this paper turns to the theory of security, which advocates the protection of the dangerous protectors, that is, the potential victims can use the state of dominance and justice without reasonable anxiety. However, the existing security theory is difficult to integrate with protection. Among the basic viewpoints of the criminal law of the legal interest of the substantive object, some completely abandon the connotation of the criminal law norm and turn to the social life guiding point of the normative effectiveness level. Based on the above introspection, this paper is based on the theory of legal rights, arguing that individual rights are not only infringed by the physical damage of the rights object, but also because of the psychological conditions that change the exercise of rights, so the abstract dangerous criminals are aimed at stabilizing the psychological condition of exercising rights prohibits changing the behavioral patterns of psychological conditions to ensure the cognitive certainty of potential victims. Under this understanding, the legislation of abstract dangerous criminals should be based on the communicability with the public; its application should also adopt a conscientious interpretation method to exclude the possibility of sinfulness of undecided cognitive certainty. Through this attempt, the relationship between freedom and security on the issue of criminal preposition is adjusted to some extent.