「烈士向警予」：中共對五四激進女性的革命書寫與塑造

“Martyr Xiang Jingyu＂: Revolutionary Writing and Construction of May Fourth Radical Women by the Chinese Communist Party

向警予應該算得上是中共革命史上最著名的女黨員之一，她生於1895年，死於1928年。時當所謂「大革命」破滅，共產黨四分五裂，因「叛徒」告密，向警予遭逮捕並被武漢地方軍事實力派胡宗鐸所殺。向警予於1922年入黨，時年27歲，死的那年33歲，她的黨齡只有6年。1928年向警予為革命「犧牲」後，中共開始書寫有關她的生平。1928年，蔡和森首先提筆書寫這位革命女同志兼愛人的生平。1939年，毛澤東在紀念三八婦女節大會上，提出以向警予作為動員邊區婦女勞動的模範。1958年，在中共積極展開三面紅旗大躍進之時，婦聯更發動廣泛的紀念向警予活動並為之鳴鑼敲鼓。接著，1978年，文化大革命結束，四人幫垮台，中共黨中央再次大規模紀念向警予。1990年，向警予的紀念書寫交付湖南省區黨的機構負責。2015年，向警予誕辰120周年時，又有湖南省期刊出版向警予紀念專刊。本文從革命書寫與烈士塑造的角度，解讀「女烈士向警予」面目的變換，透過分析不同階段的革命書寫文本，凸顯向警予生平被表揚的重點如何挪移。此一文本分析當有助吾人了解「烈士」書寫，在中共黨中央是如何發揮宣傳作用。 Xiang Jingyu was one of the most famous women party members in the entire revolutionary history of the Chinese Communist Party. She was born in 1895 and died in 1928 when the “Great Revolution＂ was nearly destroyed and the CCP was falling apart. Xiang was caught by the police when a party traitor informed the French authorities. She was then transferred to the local warlord, Hu Zongduo, who ordered her execution. Xiang had joined the CCP in 1922 at the age of 27, and she was 33 years old at her death, giving her only six years in the CCP. Starting immediately with her martyrdom in 1928, the CCP began to produce her life story, the first biographical essay written by her husband, Cai Hesen. In 1939, Mao Zedong declared Xiang to be a woman labor model in order to mobilize the women of the border regions. When the CCP began the Three Red Flag political economy mass mobilization in 1958, the Women's Federation called for ardent action to commemorate Xiang. Until the Cultural Revolution ended in 1978 and the Gang of Four collapsed, the Chinese Communists consistently rewrote Xiang Jingyu's life to cultivate loyalty to party. In 1990, Xiang's commemorative writings were given to the Hunan Provincial party. On the 120th anniversary of Xiang's birth in 2015, a Hunan journal published a commemorative issue that tried to connect the two concepts of writing revolutionary history and of constructing martyrs so as to deconstruct Xiang's martyrdom. The different political activities of the Communist Party reflected shifts in writings of Xiang's life, revealing how political mass movements have operatedsince the 1920s.