歐洲聯盟之文化建構與認同──宗教視角下之歐洲自我意識與「他者」

Cultural Construction and Identity of the European Union: European Self-Consciousness and “Other＂ from a Religious Perspective

古典文化、基督教與日耳曼文化構成歐洲文化的基本定義，歐洲聯盟雖然強調文化多樣性與異中求同，然其在建構認同象徵時，主要以希臘羅馬遺緒與基督教為基礎。然而，歐盟近年來面對內部反對聲浪，或因移民而產生的宗教與文化衝突，致使作為一個實體的歐洲，並不是穩定的。尤其在與宗教與異文化的「他者」相對之下，歐洲人之自我意識於焉形成。本文首先透過歷史與宗教角度來理解歐洲化如何成形，並且藉由婚姻與親屬隱喻，分析會員國之間關係，以及歐盟打造文化建構與認同時所運用的象徵皆意味著會員國之間因「文化」而相連，相形之下，遲遲無法入會的土耳其則是相對於歐盟文化的「他者」。歐盟「統一」的文化面貌之下，事實上係經過權力運作的結果，然事實上階級、族群、性別、年齡等差異尚未被詳加討論的，此應為後續在討論歐盟文化建構時須思考的面向。 Classical culture, Christianity and Germanic culture basically define the European culture. Although the European Union emphasizes cultural diversity and unity in diversity, it is mainly based on Greek and Roman legacy and Christianity in construction of its identity symbol. However, in recent years, the European Union has been facing internal opposition or the regional and cultural conflict resulting from immigration. It is not stable as European entity, especially in face of religion and “other” in interculturalism, European self-awareness has been formed. This paper discusses how Europeanization has been formed from the historical and religious perspective and analyzes the relationship among member states through the metaphor of marriage and relatives. The symbols used by the European Union in construction of cultural identity seem to imply that the members are unified due to “culture”. However, Turkey, which is excluded from EU, is “other” relative to the European Union’s culture. The European Union’s “unified” culture is the result of the power operation. The differences in class, ethnicity, gender, and age are not discussed in detail. These dimensions should be considered in future studies on EU’s cultural construction.