臺灣11種食蟲性蝙蝠的回聲定位研究

Echolocation Calls of the Eleven Insectivorous Bats of Taiwan

食蟲性蝙蝠以回聲定位偵測環境及分辨獵物。在進行蝙蝠調查時，研究人員可利用每種蝙蝠獨特的回聲定位來辨識物種，尤其是在不易以捕捉進行蝙蝠調查的地點。臺灣地區現已知有超過三十種的食蟲性蝙蝠，但其回聲定位資訊仍相當有限。本研究目的在於蒐錄臺灣地區常見食蟲性蝙蝠的回聲定位聲音，測量其音頻形值以建立作為辨識種類依據的資料庫，並藉以檢視種間及種內變異。自2005年3月至2006年11月，我們在臺灣與金門地區共計捕獲11種蝙蝠249隻個體，確定種類後以蝙蝠偵測器（AnaBat系統）錄音測量，單一脈波皆測量10個特徵值。其中臺灣小蹄鼻蝠（Rhinolophus monoceros）與臺灣葉鼻蝠（Hipposideros terasensis）為常頻式（CF）回聲音頻，其他9種則使用調頻式（FM）回聲音頻。臺灣小蹄鼻蝠的特徵音頻（Fc）約為112千赫（111.14 ± 2.57千赫），而臺灣葉鼻蝠約為65千赫（67.56 ± 1.53千赫）。調頻式音頻的東亞家蝠（Pipistrellus abramus）的平均音頻（Fmean）為50.40 ± 3.91千赫，黃頸蝠（Arielulus torquatus）為45.41 ± 5.26千赫，高頭蝠（Scotophilus kuhlii）為46.91 ± 3.96千赫，堀川氏棕蝠（Eptesicus serotinus horikawai）為34.55 ± 4.86千赫，摺翅蝠（Miniopterus schreibersii）為51.30 ± 8.86千赫，臺灣管鼻蝠（Murina puta）為86.84 ± 10.30千赫，寬吻鼠耳蝠（Myotis latirostris）為54.77 ± 3.19千赫，長趾鼠耳蝠（Myotis sp.2）為54.05 ± 4.65 千赫，以及長尾鼠耳蝠（Myotis sp.3）為57.55 ± 4.46千赫。此外，我們也發現東亞家蝠與高頭蝠在一隻以上的個體出現於同一區域時彼此的音頻會有避免干擾的調整，而不同地區的摺翅蝠則具有方言的現象。

Insectivorous bat emits ultrasound and listens to its echo in flight, the so-called echolocation call, to detect surrounding and to identify prey. Information on its patterns of different species is useful for the inventory survey, particularly when capturing is difficult. There are over 30 species of insectivorous bats in Taiwan, but such information was scarce. This study was intended to collect basic characters of echolocation calls of common insectivorous bats in Taiwan to establish their reference database for the intra- and inter-species identification. In March 2005 to November 2006, 249 individuals of 11 species of bats were caught with harp traps and mist nets around Taiwan and on the Kinmen Island. Ten parameters of the echo pulses were recorded and analyzed with the AnaBat system bat detector. Among these species Rhinolophus monoceros and Hipposideros terasensis emitted constant frequency (CF) type echo-calls; whereas the other 9 species had frequency modulated (FM) type echo-calls. For the former, the mean frequency (Fmean) and the constant part of the CF calls were 111.14 ± 2.57 kHz, respectively, for R monoceros, and 67.56 ± 1.53 kHz for H. terasensis. For the latter the mean frequency was 50.40 ± 3.91 kHz for Pipistrellus abramus, 45.41 ± 5.26 kHz for Arielulus torquatus, 46.91 ± 3.96 kHz for Scotophilus kuhlii, 34.55 ± 4.86 kHz for Eptesicus serotinus horikawai, 51.30 ± 8.86 kHz for Miniopterus schreibersii, 86.84 ± 10.30 kHz for Murina puta, 54.77 ± 3.19 kHz for Myotis latirostris, 54.05 ± 4.65 kHz for Myotis sp.2, and 57.55 ± 4.46 kHz for Myotis sp.3. Jamming avoidance responses to echolocation calls were observed in some of the colonies of P. abramus and S. kuhlii. Dialects were found among colonies of Mi. schreibersii.