甘肅永泰古城興廢與騰格裡沙漠南緣的人與環境

The Gansu Yongtai ancient city: a case study of the interaction between human and environment in the southern border of Tengger Desert

永泰城位於騰格裡沙漠南緣，其建於西元 1608 年，維持著相對不錯的居住 人口與生存環境，但在西元 1969 年前後永泰卻突然衰落。本文借助該區域過去 三百多年的 PDSI 指數和重建降水序列，得知永泰的衰落非受嚴重乾旱氣候所致。 另一方面，根據文獻和實地調查，永泰的興盛源於當地合理的水利系統，在此基 礎上，當地人在沙漠旁建造了一個頗具規模的「生存家園」,而其衰落源於當地 人口遷出。本文結合當地文獻、實地考察、自然地理去探索歷史時期永泰的興廢 原因，得出了兩個關於騰格裡沙漠南緣人與環境關係的結論：一是人與沙漠環境 的關係很複雜，不是簡單的“沙進人退”，氣候變化也並非是所有“人沙關係”的主 導；二是合理的人類活動能在沙漠邊緣一定程度上遏制沙漠化擴大，而人類活動 一旦突然退出某個區域，是極可能引起當地沙漠化擴大。

Wu Tai Shan is the belief center of the region in Northern Dynasty. After middle age in Tang Dynasty, it gradually developed from “scenic spot” to “Holy place”. Hence, pilgrimage became a way of practicing this holy place belief. This article investigates the path to Wu Tai Shan by people in Tang Dynasty. The main roads can be divided into East, West and North ways. The East way is going from the area in Zhen Ding of Hebei, passing through Longquang Guan and finally towards Wu Tan Shan along with Hutuo River, or going from Ding County to Quyang and Longquang Guan, then entering into Wu Tai Shan. The path of West way is gathering to Tai Yuan, and there are many routes before going to Tai Yuan. One of North way is entering Lai Yuan of Hebei, Yi Ma Ling and then passing through Pingxing Guan of Shanxi and Fan Zhi County to Wu Tai Shan along with Ju Ma River. Another way of North Way is from Yanbei area down the south to Yannan and Dai County to Wu Tai Shan. After entering inside Wu Tai Shan, pilgrims usually travelled around the middle, north and west parts of Wu Tai Shan because these paths are shorter in distances and they were developed first during early Tang Dynasty, while south part and east part of Wu Tai Shan were rarely called upon. With the popularity of pilgrimage, some people also called upon south and east parts of Wu Tai Shan due to completes of capital construction and transportation in the Mountain. Until the middle of Tang Dynasty, the transportation was much improved between each part of Wu Tai Shan and Normal Temples were established to offer accommodation. All these phenomenon reflects the popularity of pilgrimage.