中國大陸物權法關於共有物管理法制之立法建議

Legislative Proposal on the Legal System of Common Property Management in China Property Law

本文第壹章為引言，第貳章介紹臺灣共有物管理之法制，有關共有物管理規範中之共有物的分管，除了「分管契約」以外，尚有「分管決定」及「分管裁定」。本文以臺灣民法第820條以下規定，及過去數十年來臺灣物權法相關實務運作之經驗，並探討相關法院實務判例及司法院大法官會議解釋，輔以過去臺灣物權法修法之經驗說明。又本文以臺灣民法物權編於2009年修訂之民法第826條之1規定，探討台灣分管契約之效力。臺灣民法物權編共有之內部與外部關係規定，分為「分別共有」及「公同共有」分別探討。本文對於共同物之使用收益與管理之方法做說明，並提出共有物管理採多數決之弊病及補救方法，輔以台灣民法物權編第820條以下相關規定說明。關於公同共有之內部與外部關係規定，則參考台灣民法第828條規定說明。第參章對於中國大陸物權法之「共有物之管理」面向，就未來立法之法制方向提出建議與分析。2007年中國大陸物權法按照物權法第94條及第95條之規定將共有分為「按份共有」與「共同共有」兩大類，相當於臺灣民法物權編之「分別共有」與「公同共有」。本文探討大陸物權法第96條關於分管契約與共同管理之規定，及大陸物權法第102條關於共有債權與債務之享有與分擔之規定，並檢討大陸物權法第101條共有份額可轉讓性之規定、中國大陸物權法第97條關於共有物之重大修繕之規定、中國物權法第98條關於共有物管理費用之分擔之規定。本文探討大陸物權法第96條至第99條關於分管契約可能發生之疑義，並提出修正建議。第肆章以對大陸物權法修法政策之建議代結論，建議明定物權法第96條與第97條之關係，建議至少明定三大類之管理行為之方法，建議增訂分管契約對受讓人是否生拘束力之明文，建議明定分管契約生效後可分割共有物之時機。 Chapter 1 of this article is introduction. Chapter 2 introduces the legal system for the management of commonwealths in Taiwan and the separated-management of the commonwealths in the management of commonwealths. In addition to the “contract of separated-management”, there are “decision of separatedmanagement” and “ruling of separated-management.” Based on the following provisions of Article 820 of Taiwan's Civil Law, and the experience of the related practice of Taiwan's Property Law over the past decades, this article discusses the relevant judicial practice and the interpretation of the meeting of judges of the Court of Justice, supplemented by the experience of the past practice of Taiwan's Property Law. This article also discusses the effect of Taiwan's contract of separated-management in the provisions of Article 826-1 of the Civil Law, which was revised by the civil rights of Taiwan Civil Code compiled in 2009. The provisions of the internal and external relations of the civil rights clauses in Taiwan Civil Law are divided into “common tenancy” and “joint ownership”. This article describes the methods of using proceeds and management of common tenancy, and proposes the defects and remedies of the common property management system, supplemented by the relevant provisions of Article 820 of the Civil Law of Taiwan. As for the internal and external relations between the joint ownership, reference is made to Article 828 of the Civil Law of Taiwan. Chapter 3 provides suggestions and analysis on the legal direction of future legislation on the “management of shared property” in China's Property Law. According to Article 94 and Article 95 of the Real Right Law, the Chinese Real Right Law of 2007 divides the common into two categories: “common tenancy” and “joint ownership”, which is equivalent to the “common tenancy” and the “common ownership” of the clauses of civil law in Taiwan. This article discusses the provisions of Article 96 of the Real Right Law of the PRC on the contract of separated-management and co-management and the requirement. Article 102 of the PRC Real Right Law provides for the enjoyment and sharing of common claims and debts. Review of the PRC Share Ownership Act Article 101 share of the total transferability requirements. Provisions of Article 97 of the Property Law on Major Repairs to Communities and Article 98 of the Real Right Law of the PRC on the Sharing of Administrative Fees for Communities. Chapter 4 is conclusions on the Proposed Amendments to China's Real Right Law. It is suggested to clarify the relationship between Article 96 and Article 97 of the Real Right Law. It is advisable to define at least three broad categories of management practices. It is suggested that the express wording of whether the contract of assignment is binding on the assignee should be added. It is suggested that after the effective assignment of the contract, the time for dividing the common property can be established.